Advances in Microstructural Understanding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
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Advances in Microstructural Understanding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys J.D. ROBSON, O. ENGLER, C. SIGLI, A. DESCHAMPS, and W.J. POOLE Wrought aluminum alloys are an attractive option in the quest for lightweight, recyclable, structural materials. Modern wrought aluminum alloys depend on control of complex microstructures to obtain their properties. This requires an understanding of the coupling between alloy composition, processing, and microstructure. This paper summarizes recent work to understand microstructural evolution in such alloys, utilizing the advanced characterization techniques now available such as atom probe tomography, high-resolution electron microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scattering. New insights into precipitation processes, deformation behavior, and texture evolution are discussed. Recent progress in predicting microstructural evolution using computer modeling is also summarized. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05908-9 The Author(s) 2020
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INTRODUCTION
ALUMINUM and its alloys are second only to steel in usage as engineering metals, with over 64 million tonnes produced in 2018.[1] This usage continues to grow at around 6 pct annually, driven by the increased need for lightweight, strong, corrosion resistant, recyclable, and economic material. Over 80 pct of aluminum is used in wrought products that are produced by thermomechanical processing (including rolling, extrusion, and forging). It is now well understood that the properties of aluminum alloys depend crucially on their microstructure, and that the complex processing a typical wrought alloy experiences profoundly effects this microstructure and hence final properties. Therefore, microstructural understanding is essential to design alloys with improved properties to meet today’s demanding challenges in performance and sustainability. Modern wrought aluminum alloys are sophisticated materials, typically containing at least five deliberate alloying additions and impurity elements (that can J.D. ROBSON is with the Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Contact e-mail: [email protected] O. ENGLER is with the Hydro Aluminum Rolled Products GmbH, Research and Development Bonn, PO Box 2468, 53014 Bonn, Germany. C. SIGLI is with the Constellium Technology Center, CS 10027, 38341 Voreppe Cedex, France. A. DESCHAMPS is with the Universite´ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, 38000 Grenoble, France. W.J. POOLE is with the Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Manuscript submitted March 12, 2020. Article published online July 8, 2020 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
themselves be essential), which are subject to complex process pathways. Most of the principles used in modern aluminum alloys were discovered through trial and error, without a mechanistic understanding. A classic example is the accidental discovery of age hardening by Wilm in 1906, the primary strengthening mechanism in modern high stre
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