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Advances in Solid State Physics Advances in Solid State Physics is a book series with a history of about 50 years. It contains the invited lectures presented at the Spring Meetings of the “Arbeitskreis Festkörperphysik” of the “Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft”, held in March of each year. The invited talks are intended to reflect the most recent achievements of researchers working in the field both in Germany and worldwide. Thus the volume of the series represents a continuous documentation of most recent developments in what can be considered as one of the most important and active fields of modern physics. Since the majority of invited talks are usually given by young researchers at the start of their career, the articles can also be considered as indicating important future developments. The speakers of the invited lectures and of the symposia are asked to contribute to the yearly volumes with the written version of their lecture at the forthcoming Spring Meeting of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft by the Series Editor. Colored figures are available in the online version for some of the articles. Advances in Solid State Physics is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to obtain an overview and to keep informed on the latest developments in solid state physics. The language of publication is English.

Series Editor Prof. Dr. Rolf Haug Abteilung Nanostrukturen Institut für Festkörperphysik Universität Hannover Appelstr. 2 30167 Hannover Germany [email protected]

Rolf Haug (Ed.)

Advances in Solid State Physics 48 With 182 Figures and 13 Tables

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Prof. Dr. Rolf Haug Abteilung Nanostrukturen Institut f¨ur Festk¨orperphysik Universit¨at Hannover Appelstr. 2 30167 Hannover Germany [email protected]

ISSN print edition: 1438-4329 ISSN electronic edition: 1617-5034 ISBN: 978-3-540-85858-4

e-ISBN: 978-3-540-85859-1

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-85859-1 Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 60.00; 70.00; 80.00 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008935399 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover concept using a background picture by Dr. Ralf Stannarius, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Institute of Exp