Advances in the Application of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals
Rapid industrialization and modernization around the world have produced the unfortunate consequence of releasing toxic wastes to the environment. Metal pollutants are derived mainly from industrial and agricultural activities. The former includes activit
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Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2 Phytoremediation ................................................................................................................. 2.1 Biological Availability of Metals in Soil ..................................................................... 2.2 Plant Uptake and Transport of Metals ......................................................................... 2.3 Plant Mechanisms for Metal Detoxification................................................................ 3 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria ........................................................................................ 3.1 How Do PGPR Combat Heavy-Metal Stress? ............................................................ 3.2 Synergistic Interaction of PGPR and Plants in Heavy-Metal Remediation ................ 3.3 ACC Deaminase and Plant Stress Reduction from Ethylene ...................................... 4 Summary .............................................................................................................................. References ..................................................................................................................................
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Introduction
Rapid industrialization and modernization around the world have produced the unfortunate consequence of releasing toxic wastes to the environment. Metal pollutants are derived mainly from industrial and agricultural activities. The former includes activities such as waste disposal, chemical manufacturing, and metal pollutants from vehicle exhaust, and the latter involves activities such as the use of agrochemicals, long-term application of sewage sludge, and wastewater to agricultural soils. Such releases have adversely affected human health and have produced toxic effects on plants and the soil microorganisms associated with them. Toxic metal contaminants from wastes or other products accumulate in the agricultural
H.I. Tak • F. Ahmad • O.O. Babalola (*) Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa e-mail: [email protected] D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 223, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5577-6_2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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soils to which they are applied, threaten food security, and pose health risks to living organisms by their transfer within the food chain. Once heavy metals reach the soil, they are absorbed by plants and may be taken up by animals and humans through consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. They may even be inhaled as particulate contaminants, and due to their persistent nature, they may accumulate in both plants and animals over time. Although plants may suffer damage
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