Advances in understanding the physiological role and locations of carbonic anhydrases in C3 plant cells
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REVIEW
Advances in understanding the physiological role and locations of carbonic anhydrases in C3 plant cells Natalia N. Rudenko 1 & Lyudmila K. Ignatova 1 & Elena M. Nadeeva-Zhurikova 1 & Tatiana P. Fedorchuk 1 & Boris N. Ivanov 1 & Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina 1 Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The review describes the structures of plant carbonic anhydrases (CAs), enzymes catalyzing the interconversion of inorganic carbon forms and belonging to different families, as well as the interaction of inhibitors and activators of CA activity with the active sites of CAs in representatives of these families. We outline the data that shed light on the location of CAs in green cells of C3 plants, algae and angiosperms, with the emphasis on the recently obtained data. The proven and proposed functions of CAs in these organisms are listed. The possibility of the involvement of several chloroplast CAs in acceleration of the conversion of bicarbonate to CO2 and in supply of CO2 for fixation by Rubisco is particularly considered. Special attention is paid to CAs in various parts of thylakoids and to discussion about current knowledge of their possible physiological roles. The review states that, despite the significant progress in application of the mutants with suppressed CAs synthesis, the approach based on the use of the inhibitors of CA activity in some cases remains quite effective. Combination of these two approaches, namely determining the effect of CA activity inhibitors in plants with certain knocked-out CA genes, turns out to be very useful for understanding the functions of other CAs. Keywords Carbonic anhydrases . Inhibitors and activators . Photosynthesizing cells . Carbon dioxide . Chloroplasts . Thylakoids
Introduction Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are the group of enzymes, which accelerate both the carbon dioxide hydration reaction and the bicarbonate dehydration reaction: CO2 þ H2 O↔HCO3 − þ Hþ Almost all CAs are zinc metalloenzymes with one zinc ion per monomer or pseudomonomer. The last ones are the monomers with slightly different structures. In some cases, the metal ion in the active site of CAs is represented by Fe2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, or Co2+ (Tripp et al. 2004; Park et al. 2007; Xu et al. 2008; Jensen et al. 2019). Handling Editor: Jaideep Mathur * Natalia N. Rudenko [email protected] 1
Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 142290
The CAs were found in cells of all living organisms: prokaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals. Both binding and release of protons and the conversion of forms of inorganic carbon (Ci) in the reaction catalyzed by CAs are important for many biochemical processes in cellular metabolism. Based on their primary structure, CAs were subdivided into several genetically unrelated families, denoted by the letters
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