Advancing the Assessment of Mindfulness-Based Meditation Practice: Psychometric Evaluation of the Mindfulness Adherence
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Advancing the Assessment of Mindfulness‑Based Meditation Practice: Psychometric Evaluation of the Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire Craig Hassed1 · Andrew Flighty2 · Richard Chambers3 · Dominic Hosemans4 · Neil Bailey5 · Sherelle Connaughton4 · Stuart Lee6 · Nikolaos Kazantzis7 Accepted: 1 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Background Mindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) can be assessed in terms of time spent (quantity) or skill acquisition (quality), but these components have rarely been delineated in adherence measures. Individuals may also engage in MBP through everyday life (informal practice) and dedicate specific time for MBP (formal practice). Method The Mindfulness Adherence Questionnaire, a scale designed to assess quantity and quality of formal and informal MBP was evaluated. Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to examine internal reliability and construct validity (N = 282). Study 2 examined test–retest reliability and sensitivity (N = 55) during a 4-week mindfulness intervention. Results A nested-factor model showed adequate fit: MAQ items loaded on both the general factor (Practice) and specific factors (Formal and Informal). Discriminant validity analyses revealed the MAQ captured MBP adherence distinct from trait mindfulness. Quality of both formal and informal mindfulness practice was more strongly associated with higher levels of trait mindfulness than quantity. Changes in MAQ Quantity scores were observed over time. Conclusions The MAQ is reliable and has a meaningful scale structure, may usefully distinguish both quality versus quantity and formal versus informal MBP, and is sensitive to variations in MBP and does not solely measure trait mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness · Meditation · Adherence · Home practice · Questionnaire · Factor analysis
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10150-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Craig Hassed [email protected] 1
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
2
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Research Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
3
Campus Community Division, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
4
Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
5
Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
6
Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Australia
7
Cognitive Behavior Therapy Research Unit, Monash University and Institute of Social Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
Mindfulness-based meditation practice (MBP) is defined in terms of attentional focus and capacity for acceptance; awareness to the present moment and non-judgmental unfolding of experience (2003). Contention in the definition of mindfulness exists (Brown and Ryan 2003; Davidson and Kaszniak 2015) as some models and associated assessments include behavioral expressions of mindfulness su
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