Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere
This book is a multi-author treatise on the most outstanding research problems in the field of the aeronomy of the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere, encompassing the science covered by the Division II of the International Association of Geomagnetism and
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IAGA Special Sopron Book Series Volume 2 Series Editor Bengt Hultqvist The Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is one of the eight Associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). IAGA’s Mission The overall purpose of IAGA is set out in the first statute of the Association: • • • •
to promote studies of magnetism and aeronomy of the Earth and other bodies of the solar system, and of the interplanetary medium and its interaction with these bodies, where such studies have international interest; to encourage research in these subjects by individual countries, institutions or persons and to facilitate its international coordination; to provide an opportunity on an international basis for discussion and publication of the results of the researches; and to promote appropriate standardizations of observational programs, data acquisition systems, data analysis and publication.
Volumes in this series: The Earth’s Magnetic Interior Edited by E. Petrovský, D. Ivers, T. Harinarayana and E. Herrero-Bervera Aeronomy of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere Edited by M.A. Abdu, D. Pancheva and A. Bhattacharyya The Dynamic Magnetosphere Edited by W. Liu and M. Fujimoto The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere Edited by M.P. Miralles and J. Sánchez Almeida Geomagnetic Observations and Models Edited by M. Mandea and M. Korte
For titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/8636
Aeronomy of the Earth’s Atmosphere and Ionosphere
Editors
Mangalathayil Ali Abdu National Institute for Space Research, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
Dora Pancheva Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
Co-editor
Archana Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai, India
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Editors Dr. Mangalathayil Ali Abdu National Institute for Space Research Sao Jose dos Campos SP, Brazil [email protected]
Dr. Dora Pancheva Geophysical Institute Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia, Bulgaria [email protected]
Co-editor Dr. Archana Bhattacharyya Indian Institute of Geomagnetism Navi Mumbai, India [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0325-4 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0326-1 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921712 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 All Rights Reserved for Chapter 15 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Background photo taken at sunset by Skylab. Credit NASA Earth Observatory. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword by the Series Editor
The IAGA Exe
