Agroforestry for the Management of Waterlogged Saline Soils and Poor-Quality Waters
Land degradation caused by salinity and waterlogging is a global problem afflicting about one billion hectares and endangering the food security of at least 75 countries. Since the social, economic and environmental costs of on and/off-farm reclamation te
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Jagdish Chander Dagar Paramjit Singh Minhas Editors
Agroforestry for the Management of Waterlogged Saline Soils and Poorquality Waters
Advances in Agroforestry Volume 13 Series editor P.K. Ramachandran Nair, Gainesville, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6904
Jagdish Chander Dagar Paramjit Singh Minhas Editors
Agroforestry for the Management of Waterlogged Saline Soils and Poor-quality Waters
Editors Jagdish Chander Dagar Central Soil Salinity Research Institute Karnal, Haryana, India
Paramjit Singh Minhas National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management Pune, Maharashtra, India
ISSN 1875-1199 ISSN 1875-1202 (electronic) Advances in Agroforestry ISBN 978-81-322-2657-4 ISBN 978-81-322-2659-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2659-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930308 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
About two-fifths of the total food of the world is produced from 260 million hectares (Mha) of irrigated agriculture covering about 17 % of the cropped area. Though the provision and expansion of irrigation has helped in increasing food production and nutritional security, irrigation without adequate drainage is leading to waterlogging and secondary salinization especially in arid and semiarid regions. Nearly 20 % of the irrigated area is facing secondary salinization and one-third is threatened with waterlogging. The problem is severe in areas underlain with poor-quality groundwater. The intense competition from urban and industrial sectors is gradually reducing the share of freshwater for agriculture. Moreover, with low consumptive use, the nonagricultural uses are leading to the generation of huge volumes of wastewaters. Since the present sewage irrigation practices in most of the developing countries ar
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