AIDS and Aid A Public Good Approach

The unfolding tragedy of the AIDS epidemic is an instance where a disease with local origins has created consequences worldwide. Todd Sandler (2001a) Health concerns are ?rmly embedded in the developing world. Conditions of poverty like inadequate health

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Diana Sonntag

AIDS and Aid A Public Good Approach

Dr. Diana Sonntag Vienna University of Economics and Business Institute for Social Policy Nordbergstraße 15 1090 Wien, Austria [email protected]

Accepted as a dissertation at Chemnitz University of Technology under the title: “Financing International Health-Promoting Public Goods Against AIDS - A Supply-Side Approach”. ISSN 1431-1933 ISBN 978-3-7908-2418-6 e-ISBN 978-3-7908-2419-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7908-2419-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009943061 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: SPi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Physica‐Verlag is a brand of Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Springer‐Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents

1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2

The Challenge: A Transnational Response to HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 The Epidemiology of HIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 A Typology for Classifying AIDS Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.2 HIV/AIDS in High-Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 HIV/AIDS in Low and Middle-Income Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 National and Transnational Impacts of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 Demographic Impacts of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.2 The Burden of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.3 Biological Spillovers of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.4 Transnational Impacts of AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Responding to AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.1 The Prevention, Treatment and Care Continuum .