Air quality level in California US state: persistence and seasonality
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Air quality level in California US state: persistence and seasonality OlaOluwa S. Yaya 1,2
&
Oladapo G. Awolaja 3 & Iyabo M. Okedina 3 & Xuan Vinh Vo 4
Received: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, the level of air quality in ten highly polluted cities in California US state is investigated by looking at persistence and seasonality properties of the time series based on fractional integration framework. Five pollutants, which are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and fine and coarse particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10), for ten selected cities, including Bakersfield, Los Angeles, and El Centro, are considered. The levels of CO, O3 and PM2.5 are above the exceedance limits for these ten cities, while the results of fractional integration show the possibility of mean reversion for PM2.5 whereas CO levels are still in non-mean reverting range. Levels of pollutants are found to be seasonal in all pollutant cases and across the cities. Since all pollutants pose serious concern to inhabitants of the cities, the California government should intensify more effort in making appropriate policy to reduce pollutant levels in the state. JEL Classification C22 . Q53 . Q58
1 Introduction The persistence and seasonality properties of time series of air pollution levels in California state in the US are investigated in this paper. The prevalence of air pollution in the state is dated back to 1943 when episodes of smog-causing irritating eyes were observed, with people having to wear face masks on the streets. This further led to the enactment of air quality act, the Federal Air Quality Act of 1967, which allowed for more * OlaOluwa S. Yaya [email protected] Oladapo G. Awolaja [email protected] Iyabo M. Okedina [email protected] Xuan Vinh Vo [email protected] 1
Environmental Statistics Unit, Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2
Institute of Business Research, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Department of Economics, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
4
Institute of Business Research & CFVG, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
stringent rules as a result of geography, weather and the growing population of the state (California Air Resources Board 2018). Among states in the US, California is the most populous, with about 40 million citizens, and the world’s fifth largest economy in 2018 (State of the Air 2019; Wang et al. 2019). The state has mountainous terrain that traps pollution and a warm climate that facilitates the production of ozone (O3) and other pollutants (Air Pollution a Problem in California 2018). Because of its large economy and population, emissions generated from personal and business activities continue to contribute a great deal to the prevalence of airborne pollutant in the state as it affects the air, water and land. Industrial activities, due to the presenc
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