Alkyne-modified water-stable alkylammonium lead (II) iodide perovskite
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Research Letter
Alkyne-modified water-stable alkylammonium lead(II) iodide perovskite Sayantan Sasmal and Suresh Valiyaveettil, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, UP, India Arun P. Upadhyay, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, and Sri Sivakumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Science Programme, Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur 208016, UP, India Dharmadoss Sornadurai and Chakram S. Sundar, Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India Address all correspondence to Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Sri Sivakumar and Suresh Valiyaveettil, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] (Received 25 December 2017; accepted 27 March 2018)
Abstract Perovskite materials are sensitive to environmental conditions. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a hydrophobic alkylammonium lead(II) iodide perovskite with enhanced stability in water. Water stability was achieved by growing a shell of 4-[(N-3-butyne)carboxyamido]anilinium lead(II) iodide over methylammonium lead(II) iodide. As a proof of concept, the water-splitting reaction was performed using our new material coated on TiO2, and a 7-fold increase in applied bias photon-to-current efficiency was observed as compared with standard p25-TiO2. Such simple and versatile chemical modification to induce high water stability is useful toward exploring new applications for the perovskite materials.
Introduction Organic–inorganic hybrid lead (II) halide perovskites attracted significant interests in photovoltaic devices owing to their easy accessibility, low defect density, excellent charge transport properties, and high-power conversion efficiency.[1–3] However, fast degradation of properties under the influence of environmental factors such as humidity,[4] light,[5] and heat[6] are some of the major obstacles toward commercialization of perovskite materials. Previous attempts to enhance the environmental stability that involve incorporation of pseudohalogens,[7] surface passivation with a capping agent,[8] and use of different methods of fabrication[9,10] were successful, but not enough to enhance the stability of hybrid perovskite for immersing in water, which is prerequisite for many electrochemical applications. One of the tried and tested methods to improve the stability and efficiency of perovskite materials include growing a shell of another semiconductor,[11] hydrophobic molecules[12] around the particles, to develop core– shell nanocrystals, or use of external passivating layers.[13,14] Recently, a few hydrophobic polymer coatings have been used to protect perovskite nanoparticles from the water.[15] Such coatings imposed an overwhelming electronic barrier on hybrid perovskite materials toward most photoelectrochemical (PEC) applications. In addition, these reported methods
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