Alternative methods for the pilot-scale production and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Alternative methods for the pilot-scale production and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles Helton José Alves 1 & Lázaro José Gasparrini 1 & Felipe Eduardo Bueno Silva 1 & Laressa Caciano 1 & Graciela Ines Bolzon de Muniz 2 & Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester 3 & Paulo André Cremonez 1 & Mabel Karina Arantes 1 Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work describes the production/characterization of low molar mass chitosan nanoparticles derived from waste shrimp shells (SSC), as well as from a commercial chitosan (CC). The production of low molar mass nanochitosan employed thermal shock, alternating between 100 °C and ambient temperature, followed by grinding the dry material (SSC and CC) in a ball mill, producing around 500 g of nanochitosan per batch. A highlight of the methodology employed is that it enables nanochitosan to be obtained even from a low quality commercial raw material. All particles had diameters smaller than 223 nm, with an average diameter below 25 nm (determined by DLS), while reductions of molar mass were between 8.4-fold and 13.5-fold. The depolymerization process resulted in a reduction in crystallinity of 38.1 to 25.4% and 55.6 to 25.9% in the CC and SSC samples, respectively. The production of nanochitosans was also confirmed by TEM through the observation of crystalline domains with diameters between 5 and 10 nm. This work perfectly reproduces the results on bench scale from previous research. The simple and inexpensive processes enable easy scale-up, representing an important advance in the production chain of biopolymers. Keywords Nanopolymers . Depolymerization . Nanomaterials . Scale-up, Biopolymer . Waste management
Introduction Chitosan nanoparticles have been studied, produced, and employed in different areas, taking advantage of the useful characteristics of this biopolymer. Chitosan has been extensively characterized and is used in biomedicine, drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and as biomarker for bioimaging Responsible Editor: Santiago V. Luis * Paulo André Cremonez [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Materials and Renewable Energy (LABMATER), Department of Engineering and Exact, Federal University of Paraná – UFPR, Rua Pioneiro 2153, Jardim Dallas, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil
2
Department of Forest Engineering and Technology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Pref. Lothario Meissner, 900, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, PR 80210-170, Brazil
3
Laboratory of Shrimp (LABCAR), Department of Zootechnics, Federal University of Paraná – UFPR, Rua Pioneiro 2153, Jardim Dallas, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil
(Egladir et al. 2015; Muanprasat and Chatsudthipong 2017; Mitall et al. 2018). It is used in food to reduce cholesterol (Panit et al. 2016; van der Gronde et al. 2016), as well as for environmental (Wang et al. 2009; Gupta et al. 2017) and agricultural (Wu and Liu 2008; Perez et al. 2018) applications, among others. This is due to its favorable features
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