Aluminium Rhizotoxicity in Cicer arietinum
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Aluminium Rhizotoxicity in Cicer arietinum J. Chandraa, S. Parkheyb, D. Varghesec, Sershenc, d, B. Varghesec, and S. Keshavkanta, * a
School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010 India b School of Life Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010 India c School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001 South Africa dSouth African Technology, La Lucia, 4051 Durban *e-mail: [email protected] Received August 10, 2019; revised November 27, 2019; accepted January 20, 2020
Abstract—The effects of aluminium (Al)-induced alterations on elongating radicles of Cicer arietinum L. were studied in relation to growth and biochemical markers of oxidative stress. Elongating radicles (c. 1 mm) were treated with 0–3 mM aluminium chloride (pH 4.5) for seven days at room temperature (26 ± 2°C). The results indicated that exposure to Al significantly inhibited radicle growth. This growth inhibition was accompanied by excessively high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The levels of ROS were significantly positively correlated with Al concentration. Levels of lipid and protein oxidation products increased significantly with an increase in Al concentration, and were significantly positively correlated with ROS levels. On the other hand, Al stress significantly decreased the activities of selected enzymatic antioxidants. Collectively, the results suggest that Al rhizotoxicity in C. arietinum is partially mediated by oxidative stress brought about by excessive ROS production and reduced antioxidant scavenging activity. Keywords: Cicer arietinum, protein oxidation, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, biomass, enzymatic antioxidants DOI: 10.1134/S1021443720050027
INTRODUCTION Agriculture in many parts of the world is restricted by acidic soils that contain excessively high concentrations of mineral elements. About 50% of the world’s potentially arable soils are thought to be sufficiently acidic to significantly limit crop production [1], largely due to aluminium (Al) toxicity. This is particularly true for developing countries like India, where Al toxicity is one of the most widespread problems in acidic soils [2]. Aluminium, which is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth’s crust and is highly soluble in soils at low pH levels, often, brings about root growth inhibition, consequently poor plant nutrient uptake and inefficient water use [2]. The Al3+ ion is the most toxic among all. The soluble forms of Al preferentially accumulate in the root tips [3]. This accumulation at the root tip has been reported to bring about rhizotoxicity (inhibition of root elongation), which is widely recognized as one of the primary symptoms of Al phytotoxicity [4]. Abbreviations: APX—ascorbate peroxidase; CAT—catalase; GR—glutathione reductase; H2O2—hydrogen peroxide; HNE— 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; LOOH—lipid hydroperoxide; Oi2− —superoxide radical; PUFAs—polyunsaturated fatty acids; POD— guaiacol peroxidase; SOD—superoxide dismu
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