Aluminium Toxicity and Its Tolerance in Plant: A Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Aluminium Toxicity and Its Tolerance in Plant: A Review Runa Rahman1 · Hrishikesh Upadhyaya1 Received: 31 July 2019 / Revised: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 © Korean Society of Plant Biologist 2020
Abstract Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major abiotic stress problems around the globe where acidic soil is present. Al shows a toxic effect between the soil pH 4.5 and 5.5. Root growth inhibition is the most prodigious symptom of Al toxicity in plants. Aluminium toxicity adversely affects the plant growth and development which ultimately reduces the yield. However, the extent of toxicity depends on the genotype of the plant, that is the plant is either the Al-sensitive or Al-tolerant type. Plants have several mechanisms to cope with the toxic effects of aluminium which include exclusion mechanism and internal tolerance mechanism. This review discusses the harmful impacts of aluminium on morphological, anatomical, physio-biochemical, and molecular aspects of the plant. This review also discusses the strategies to reduce the toxic effects of aluminium in plant and various aluminium-responsive genes which can be used in genetic manipulation for better crop development. Keywords Aluminium toxicity · Acidic soil · Aluminium-tolerant
Introduction Metal toxicity is one of the major global problems in agriculture. Certain metals have no biological role in plant’s life, i.e., they are not essential, but are toxic when present in certain form. Among those aluminium toxicities is the most widespread constraints reducing growth and yield of many crops in acidic soils throughout the world. About 50% of the world’s arable lands are acidic (Vitorello et al. 2005; Jaskowiak et al. 2019). 60% of acid soils occur in the tropics and subtropics, where acidification is a natural process (Kochian et al. 2015). Most of the acid soils in the world occur in developing countries like in South America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Indian subcontinent. World-wide distribution of acid soil is presented in Fig. 1 (Bian et al. 2013). In India, acid soils spread over Himalayan region, the eastern, and the north-eastern region, peninsular India, and coastal plains (Roy and Bhadra 2014). Distribution of acid soil in India is given in Table 1. Al is non-toxic to plants until and unless soil becomes acidic (pH5). Al exists in the form of silicates, phosphate, sulfides, and oxides in normal soil conditions. When pH * Hrishikesh Upadhyaya [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
drops below 5.5, Al is solubilized into toxic forms like [Al (H2O)6]3+, AlOH2+, Al(OH)3, and Al(OH)4 (Chowra et al. 2016). Aluminium has both beneficial and toxic effects on plants depending on the soil pH, chemical species of Al, genotype, and growth condition of the plant. Aluminium stress causes a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in growing plants reducing growth, development, and crop yield. During past few decades, many res
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