Ambient self-powered cluster-based wireless sensor networks for industry 4.0 applications
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METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION
Ambient self-powered cluster-based wireless sensor networks for industry 4.0 applications Md. Enamul Haque1 · Uthman Baroudi1
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Smart grid is one of the major prospective candidates in the Industrial Internet of Things family that ensures smooth and efficient power distribution, restoration in times of emergency, and usage control for the consumers. Electric power generators contribute at the core of smart grid along with the transmission lines and transformers. Extensive research works are conducted to optimize different parameters such as efficient energy usage, automated demand response, and emergency grid failure recovery. However, the component status analysis of the electric generators within a smart grid is still in the nascent stage. In this paper, we propose a novel routing protocol for supervised device-data transfer from smart grid generators to the command and control center using wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Our protocol assumes various sensor devices (temperature sensors, oil level sensor, turbine status sensors, etc.) to be employed on each generator due to their mechanical sophistication. Additionally, we introduce the ambient energy harvesting for the sensors energy replenishment to accommodate tolerable node outage. Our simulation results demonstrate promising outcome with respect to different key parameters such as message flow, energy consumption, outage frequency, remaining energy, and harvested energy. Keywords Smart grids · Energy harvesting · Routing protocols · Clustering · Wireless sensor networks · Ambient energy sources · Industry 4.0 · IIoT · Smart factory
1 Introduction The whole world is moving towards realizing Industry 4.0, which necessitates digitalizing and creating intelligent industrial applications. Smart factory is one realization of this vision, which combines of integrates physical technology, cyber technology and previously independent discrete systems to build a more complex and precise system that can be monitored, controlled and diagnosed remotely and autonomously (Aydın et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2018). For example, electric companies have several distributed power plants, which are quite expensive to monitor and maintain. Monitoring temperature, water level, oil level, etc., on these electric power generators and motors is some time very cumCommunicated by V. Loia.
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Uthman Baroudi [email protected] Md. Enamul Haque [email protected]
1
Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
bersome for human. If we look at an example of a power generator in Fig. 1, we can easily comprehend the massive task that need to be done. The task becomes more complex to manage if the number of generators increases in the grid. Grids are defined as modernized electrical grid (Farhangi 2010) that uses analog or digital information and communication technology to collect and process information such as custom
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