American Foreign Policy and the Baltic States
The Euro-Atlantic community is twofold. On one side of the Atlantic is the United States. On the other, there is a union of willing major European powers and their followers. The community has existed since the American landings on June 6 in 1944, the so
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Small Baltic States and the Euro-Atlantic Security Community
Sandis Sraders
Small Baltic States and the Euro-Atlantic Security Community
Sandis Sraders Baltic Defence College Tartu, Estonia
ISBN 978-3-030-53762-3 ISBN 978-3-030-53763-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53763-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To My Wife, Madara
Contents
Introduction Small Baltic States: Sensitivities and Vulnerabilities Military Economy Social Capital
1 7 14 35 49
The Surge of the Euro-Atlantic Community: 1956, 1968, 1981 A Road to Hungary, 1956 Prague Spring, 1968 Solidarity in Poland, 1981
71 80 100 114
American Foreign Policy and the Baltic States Malign: Between the Wars Benign: The Cold War Redemption: NATO Refined
129 130 137 151
The Baltic Predicament: Russia’s Shadows Ideas Defining Russia Today Yeltsin’s Democratic Experiments Putin Curbs Democracy
167 171 183 197
vii
viii
CONTENTS
The Baltic States in Europe Germany: Reluctance France: Ambivalence The United Kingdom: Reforms New and Auxiliary Actors
221 223 232 238 244
Conclusion
257
Index
267
List of Figures
Small Baltic States: Sensitivities and Vulnerabilities Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5 Fig. 6
UN Member states: 1945–2011 (Source UN) Military Spending, % of GDP (Source SIPRI) Baltic Embassies: Number and Location, 2019 (Source Web pages of Baltic Foreign Ministries [Accessed on January 05, 2020]) Latvian Emabassies, 1994 and 2004 (Source Yearbook of the ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of Latvia 2004 [Ministry of Foreign Affair
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