Political Culture in the Baltic States Between National and European

The book is the first systematic and comparative effort to capture political culture in the Baltic countries, including political orientation and support for democracy. Revolving around public opinion data from the 1990s and onwards, including two recent

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Political Culture in the Baltic States

Kjetil Duvold • Sten Berglund Joakim Ekman

Political Culture in the Baltic States Between National and European Integration

Kjetil Duvold Dalarna University Falun, Sweden

Sten Berglund Örebro University Örebro, Sweden

Joakim Ekman Södertörn University Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN 978-3-030-21843-0    ISBN 978-3-030-21844-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21844-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface and Acknowledgements

‘We have two examples of what should never happen in Estonia: Russia—and Sweden’, a young politician told a journalist from the online magazine Politico in 2015.1 The politician represented Blue Awakenings, the youth branch of controversial far-right party EKRE (Conservative People’s Party of Estonia), which entered government in Estonia in April 2019. It is an apt illustration of how difficult it might be for a radical right-winger in Estonia to choose among old and new fears: Soviet communism of the past and loss of national sovereignty versus contemporary multilateralism and multiculturalism. The Baltic states have often faced choices that they felt were being imposed on them. This is a book about three small countries, located in a north-eastern corner of Europe; the Nordic countries are situated to the north and to the west, Russia to the east. Currently forming a micro-region in Europe, their geopolitical position has often turned out to be disadvantageous in terms of national aspirations. They have been dominated by Swedes, by German settlers, by Poles, by Russians and by Soviet officials. Much of the region was