AMPA Receptor
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AMPA Receptor
S. Tomita
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 2 AMPA Receptor Genes, Proteins, and Posttranslational Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 3 Structure and Assembly of AMPA Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 4 Channel Properties of AMPA Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 5 AMPA Receptor Auxiliary Subunits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 6 Synaptic Localization of AMPA Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 7 Trafficking of AMPA Receptors to Synapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 8 Roles of AMPA Receptor Interacting Proteins in AMPA Receptor Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 9 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
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2009 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC.
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AMPA receptor
List of Abbreviations: ANQX, 6-azido-7-nitro-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; AMPA, amino-3hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid; CACNG1, Ca2+ channel gamma subunit 1; CACNG2, Ca2+ channel gamma subunit 2; CNQX, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione; EPSCs, excitatory postsynaptic currents; LTD, long-term depression; LTP, long-term potentiation; MAGUK, membrane-associated guanylate kinase; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; NP, neuronal pentraxin; NPR, NP receptor; NTD, N-terminal domain; PEPA, 4-[2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio]-2,6-difluoro-phenoxyacetamide; PSD, postsynaptic density; TARPs, transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins; UV, Ultraviolet
1 Introduction Information stored in the brain is encoded within neural circuits, which consist of billions of neurons. Neurons communicate with each other at synapses using neurotransmitters. Neuronal activity can modulate synaptic efficacy, which shapes the function of neural circuits. A major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate, and activity mediated by glutamate receptors modulates the neural circuits that underlie information storage in the brain. Glutamate released from presynaptic terminals binds to two types of glutamate receptors, metabotropic and ionotropic. Ionotropic glutamate receptors are further classified pharmacologically as AMPA- (amino-3-hydroxy5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid), NMDA- (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid), and kainate-sensitive glutamate receptors. These three receptor classes function distinctly in the brain. AMPA recepto
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