An adaptive reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error histogram shifting by exploiting signed-digit repres
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An adaptive reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error histogram shifting by exploiting signed-digit representation Xiao-Zhu Xie 1,2 & Chin-Chen Chang 2
& Yu-Chen Hu
3
Received: 17 December 2018 / Revised: 28 June 2019 / Accepted: 17 October 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract
A prediction error histogram shifting (PEHS)-based reversible data hiding scheme is proposed in this paper. A novel representation for the secret stream, called signed-digit representation, is proposed to improve the image quality. The secret binary stream is first converted into a signed-digit stream, which results in a high occurrence of ‘0’. Meanwhile, a block-wise-based prediction is performed on the original image to generate prediction errors, which lead to a sharp prediction error histogram. Then, the converted signed-digit stream is embedded into the prediction errors according to the improved histogram shifting (HS)-based scheme with multiple selected peak points, resulting in an adaptive embedding capacity. The experimental results validate that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art schemes in terms of embedding capacity while maintaining a good image quality. Keywords Reversible data hiding . Histogram shifting . Different expansion . Prediction error
1 Introduction Data hiding (DH) refers to a technology that embeds secret data into a cover medium imperceptibly, after that, the secret data can be extracted accurately. DH is widely used in the field of authentication [10, 28, 29]. However, for some specific applications, such as * Chin-Chen Chang [email protected]
1
Engineering Research Center for Software Testing and Evaluation of Fujian Province, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
2
Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
3
Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Providence University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
Multimedia Tools and Applications
military images and medical images, the cover medium is not allowed to be modified and need to be recovered completely at the receiver side. Responding to the requirement, the technology of reversible data hiding (RDH) arises [2]. The literatures show that RDH is widely applied in the fields of military images, medical images, image authentication and cloud storage, etc. The existing mainstream RDH schemes can be roughly categorized into three types: histogram shifting-based schemes (HS-based) [5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14–17, 19, 21, 22, 25–27], difference expansion-based schemes (DE-based) [1, 7, 8, 20] and lossless compression-based schemes (LC-based) [3, 4, 18, 24]. Among them, the HS-based approach has gained the most attraction of researchers due to its simple algorithm and the considerable image quality. In 2006, Ni et al. first proposed the RDH scheme based on HS [17]. In the RDH scheme, the histogram of the cover image is generated first. Then, one or multiple pairs of peak and zero points are selected accor
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