An Ecological and Societal Approach to Biological Control

Biological control is among the most promising methods for control of pests (including vectors), diseases and weeds. In this book ecological and societal aspects are for the first time treated together. In an ecological approach the aim is to evaluate the

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An Ecological and Societal Approach to Biological Control Edited by

J. EILENBERG The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark and

H.M.T. HOKKANEN University of Helsinki, Finland

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-4320-1 (HB) 978-1-4020-4320-8 (HB) 1-4020-4401-1 (e-book) 978-1-4020-4401-4 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

www.springer.com

Cover illustrations: De Buck, A.J. Buurma, J.S. (2004). Speeding up Innovation Processes through Socio-Technical Networks : a case in Dutch Horticulture. In: Bokelmannu (Ed.), Proceedings of the XVth International Symposium on Horticultural Economics and Management, Berlin. A cta Horticulturae, 655, 175 -182. Insect Pathogenic fungi are among the organisms, which are used for biological control. An example is the fungus Beauveria bassiana and the photo shows an isolate of this fungus on artificial growth medium. Photo Credit : Department of Ecology, The Royal veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

CONTENTS

Contributors

vii

Preface

xi

1. Concepts and visions of biological control Jørgen Eilenberg

1

2. Socioeconomic significance of biological control Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen

13

3. Biological control in organic production: first choice or last option? Bernhard Speiser, Eric Wyss and Veronika Maurer

27

4. Food consumption, risk perception and alternative production technologies Christopher Ritson and Sharron Kuznesof

47

5. Education in biological control at the university level at KVL Jørgen Eilenberg, Dan Funck Jensen and Holger Philipsen

65

6. Implementation of bio control and IPM in Dutch horticulture Abco J. De Buck and Ellen A.M. Beerling

73

7. Biocontrol in protected crops: is lack of biodiversity a limiting factor? Annie Enkegaard and Henrik F. Brødsgaard

91

8. The soil as a reservoir for antagonists to plant diseases Claude Alabouvette and Christian Steinberg

123

9. The soil as a reservoir for natural enemies of pest insects and mites with emphasis on fungi and nematodes Ingeborg Klingen and Solveig Haukeland

145

10. Degeneration of entomogenous fungi Tariq M. Butt, Chengshu Wang, Farooq A. Shah and Richard Hall

213

v

vi

CONTENTS

11. Biological control of mosquitoes: management of the Upper Rhine mosquito population as a model programme Norbert Becker

227

12. Biological control of scarabs and weevils in Christmas trees and greenery plantations Jørgen Eilenberg, Charlotte Nielsen, Susanne Harding and Susa