Landscape Architecture Theory An Ecological Approach
For decades, landscape architecture was driven solely by artistic sensibilities. But in these times of global change, the opportunity to reshape the world comes with a responsibility to consider how it can be resilient, fostering health and vitality for h
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MICHAEL D. MURPHY
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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORY
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THEORY An Ecological Approach
Michael D. Murphy
Washington | Covelo | London
Copyright © 2016 Michael D. Murphy All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M St. NW, Suite 650, Washington, DC 20036 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Portions of this book first appeared in Landscape Architecture Theory: An Evolving Body of Thought by Michael D. Murphy. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2005. Keywords: architecture, behavioral theory, climate, cognitive needs, collaboration, commodity, conative needs, construction, creative thinking, critical thinking, cultural diversity, design, design programming process, ecology, ecosystem management, Fibonacci, geology, golden mean, health, horticulture, landscape architecture, maintenance, pedestrians, planning, problem solving, procedural theory, resilience, substantive theory, sustainability, system performance, utility, urban development, values, visualization Library of Congress Control Number: 2016941252 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xiii
Part I
Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction 3
Part II
Substantive Theory
Chapter Two
Substantive Theory 25
Chapter Three
The Biophysical Landscape 55
Chapter Four
The Human Landscape
Chapter Five
Design Purpose 133
Chapter Six
Design Form 149
Part III
Procedural Theory
Chapter Seven
Design Process 185
Chapter Eight
Problem Definition 217
Chapter Nine
Design Collaboration 243
Chapter Ten
Design Thinking 263
Chapter Eleven
Conclusion 279
Bibliography Index
289
315
vii
97
Preface The art of progress is to preserve order amid change, and to preserve change amid order. —Alfred North Whitehead During the early part of the twentieth century, it was commonplace to hear farmers, as an expression of their industry and energy, boast of having “worn out” several farms during their lifetime. Although such comments are no longer heard today, the essence of this notion lingers as a shadowy background in our collective consciousness, a legacy of our historical experience. When we consider that, each year, productive agricultural soil continues to be lost from the United States at a rate ten times faster than natural regeneration, or that each of us sends a ton of waste to the landfill, it is apparent that we have not completely abandoned the idea that critical landscape resources, as well as the space to dispose of them at the end of their (presumed) usefu
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