An ecologically correct electroanalytical method to determine the herbicide Picloram in Amazon waters using a miniaturiz
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An ecologically correct electroanalytical method to determine the herbicide Picloram in Amazon waters using a miniaturized boron‑doped diamond electrode and a 3D compact electrochemical cell José Inácio Lopo da Silva1 · Vagner Bezerra dos Santos1,2 · Carlos Antonio Neves1 · José Pio Iúdice de Souza1 Received: 24 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract In this work, voltammetric methods were applied using a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) to detect Picloram (PCR), a very toxic and persistent herbicide. The method was applied to investigate environmental waters in the Amazon. In this context, an environmental-friendly method was developed using a miniaturized BDD electrode, and a compact electrochemical cell manufactured by a 3D printer using a polylactic acid biodegradable polymer to reduce the generated residue, leading to more sustainable research procedures with potential to be applied in field analysis. In addition, studies were carried out to establish the rate-limiting step of the reaction and the number of electrons and protons involved, being three protons and three electrons suggested for PCR electrochemical oxidation. For analytical purposes, the optimization of the square wave voltammetry (SWV) parameters and tests of precision, accuracy and sensitivity were performed. Thus, a low detection limit of 390 nmol L−1 and values for the intra-day and inter-day repeatability tests of 8.65% and 4.64%, respectively, were obtained. Due to its biodiversity abundance, environmental waters in the Amazon should be better monitored and this method can contribute to this task quite efficiently. Keywords Polylactic acid (PLA) · Amazon basin · Boron-doped diamond · Picloram · Square wave voltammetry · 3D printer
Introduction In the last 30 years, the global consumption of pesticides has shown great growth, mainly in emerging countries, a reflection observed in Brazil, which in 2008 surpassed the United States and became the largest world market in pesticides (Cassal et al. 2014). This growth is mainly concentrated in agricultural and livestock activities, in which the
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01357-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Vagner Bezerra dos Santos [email protected] 1
Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
Fundamental Chemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
2
increased use of pesticides (fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides) not only aims to improve food production, but also causes environmental and public health problems. The application of pesticides in large plantations requires the consumption of large quantities, but only a small amount reaches the target species and their residues remain in the soil for a long time. Due to this, they are known as persistent organ
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