An Energy-Efficient and Reliable Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
With rapid advances in wireless communications and networking technologies, the demand for high speed, wireless and ubiquitous connectivity continues to increase in order to cope with new services and applications. Increasing demand for spectral resources
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Abstract. With rapid advances in wireless communications and networking technologies, the demand for high speed, wireless and ubiquitous connectivity continues to increase in order to cope with new services and applications. Increasing demand for spectral resources has introduced the problem of spectrum scarcity. Moreover, the static spectrum allocation policy for wireless communications can cause the issue of spectrum underutilization. Cognitive Radio (CR) offers promising solution for spectrum shortage and underutilization problem by means of dynamic spectrum management. Routing in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) is a very challenging task due to energy constraints, opportunistic spectrum access, dynamic topology changes as well as intermittent connectivity caused by activities of Primary Users (PUs). This paper proposes the Energy-efficient and Reliable Cognitive Ad-hoc Routing Protocol (ERCARP) with an aim to provide reliable transmission path and prolong network lifetime in CRSNs. The protocol takes account of packet loss probability, link latency and residual energy for path establishment. Furthermore, by utilizing the joint path and spectrum diversity in routing, the multi-path multi-channel routes are given for fast route recovery. The protocol performance is compared with that of the Dual Diversity Cognitive Ad-hoc Routing Protocol (D2CARP) through simulations using NS-2 simulator. The simulation results obviously prove that ERCARP outperforms D2CARP in terms of packet loss, energy efficiency, end-to-end delay and jitter. Keywords: Reliable routing Energy efficiency network Fast route recovery
Cognitive radio
Sensor
1 Introduction Cognitive Radio (CR) [1–3] is a candidate for the next generation of wireless communication system which applies the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) scheme to improve spectrum utilization efficiency and communication quality. CR has the ability to know the unutilized spectrum in a licensed and unlicensed spectrum band. In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) [4], unlicensed users (or Secondary Users (SUs)) are able to sense their environment and are allowed to opportunistically access the temporally unused licensed spectrum bands without harmful interference to licensed users (or Primary Users (PUs)). © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 J.J. (Jong Hyuk) Park et al. (eds.), Advanced Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 448, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5041-1_30
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Z. Che-aron
In addition, recently, significant growth in the applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) [5, 6] has been made such as air pollution monitoring, wildlife tracking, heal monitoring, intruder tracking, etc. With recent advances in CR technology, it is possible to apply the DSA model in WSNs, called Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) [7, 8], to mitigate overcrowded unlicensed spectrum bands. CRSN is a specialized ad hoc network of distributed wireless sensors that are equipped with CR capabilities. The components of CRSN architecture are shown in
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