An evaluation of low-level automation navigation functions upon vessel traffic services work practices
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An evaluation of low-level automation navigation functions upon vessel traffic services work practices Katie Aylward 1 & Anders Johannesson 2 & Reto Weber 3 & Scott N. MacKinnon 3 & Monica Lundh 3 Received: 3 October 2019 / Accepted: 29 May 2020/ # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation Project is a European-based initiative with ambitions to improve maritime safety and efficiency through information sharing in real time. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the “STM services,” which can be categorized as low-level automated functions designed to improve information exchange between ship and shore. Full-scale simulated scenarios were developed and tested on 16 professional vessel traffic service (VTS) operators comparing VTS operations as they are today with the added STM functionality. Data collection involved observations which assessed the frequency and type of interactions between ships and VTS, followed by questionnaires to provide an overall assessment of the user experience. The results indicate that the frequency and method of communication patterns between VTS operators and ships will be affected by the integration of the STM services. Additional access to navigational information could change the role of VTS operators in traffic situations compared with traditional operations. This paper discusses the findings from a socio-technical systems perspective while also addressing the individual STM services and their potential impact on VTS operations. This research provides valuable information for European VTS centers that could be affected by the implementation of e-Navigation and, specifically, the STM services. Keywords E-Navigation . User experience . Technology integration . Vessel traffic
services . Socio-technical system . Workload
* Katie Aylward [email protected]
1
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Maritime Human Factors Unit, Division of Maritime Studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Hörselgången 4, 412 56 Gothenburg, Sweden
2
Swedish Maritime Authority, Gothenburg, Sweden
3
Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Aylward et al.
1 Introduction The maritime industry is a complex socio-technical system made up of people, tasks, organizational structures, and technologies which are all interrelated (Leavitt 1965; Praetorius 2014; de Vries 2015). In maritime operations, ship and shore-based operators work together, amid different tasks and work structures to achieve common safety and regulatory goals (Costa et al. 2018a, b). Introducing change to any aspect of a socio-technical system will have consequences on other parts within the system; for example, the introduction of new technologies will have an impact not only on the technology users but also the organization and processes of work design and the regulatory environment. Over the past decade, the concept of e-Navigation and the “connected ship” has dominated the maritime industry (International Maritime Organization 2014; Costa et al. 2018a, b).
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