An Exploratory Study on the Relations Between Mindfulness and Mindfulness-Based Intervention Outcomes
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An Exploratory Study on the Relations Between Mindfulness and Mindfulness-Based Intervention Outcomes Miquel Tortella-Feliu 1
&
José Luís-Reig 1 & Juan Gea 1 & Ausiàs Cebolla 2,3 & Joaquim Soler 4,5
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives We explored whether baseline individual differences in mindfulness related to changes in mindfulness and emotional outcomes, following a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI). Method Self-reported and behavioral mindfulness, as measured with a breath counting tool, and self-reported emotional outcomes were assessed in fifty community participants, previous to being randomly allocated to a group MBI (or to a waiting list control condition). At post-intervention, participants initially allocated in the control condition started group MBI training and a 3-month follow-up was available for the full sample. Results MBI increased self-reported and behavioral mindfulness both from pre- to post-intervention (p < .001, d ranging from 1.16 to 2.11) and from pre-intervention to follow-up (p < .001, d ranging from 0.97 to − 1.87), as well as reduced distress and perseverative thinking, and increased well-being (p < .001, d ranging from 2.16 to 2.22 and from 2.12 to 2.43, from pre- to postintervention and to follow-up, respectively). Lower baseline mindfulness was associated with higher increase in mindfulness indexes following MBI (p < .001), while baseline mindfulness measures did not predict emotional outcomes neither at postintervention nor at follow-up. Higher baseline psychological distress and perseverative thinking and lower psychological wellbeing were related, respectively, to greater reductions in emotional symptoms and a higher increase in well-being. Conclusions Although participants with lower baseline mindfulness showed greater increase in mindfulness than their higher counterparts, the more the emotional symptoms and the lower the well-being at pre-intervention, the more benefit could be gained from an MBI irrespective of baseline mindfulness. Keywords Mindfulness . Breath counting . Mind-wandering . Meta-awareness . Mindfulness-based intervention
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01471-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Miquel Tortella-Feliu [email protected] 1
University Research Institute on Health Sciences IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km.7.5, 07190 Palma, Mallorca, Spain
2
Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Avinguda Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 València, Spain
3
CIBERObn Ciberphysiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Psychiatry, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
5
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
Mindfulness is considered
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