An improved method for high photocatalytic performance of ZnAl 2 O 4 spinel derived from layered double hydroxide precur
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An improved method for high photocatalytic performance of ZnAl2O4 spinel derived from layered double hydroxide precursor Ageng Trisna Surya Pradana Putra1 Received: 21 December 2019 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A spinel structure of zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) particles provides a prospective material for photocatalytic applications. In this work, zinc aluminate spinel was prepared by an anion-exchange method derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) followed by thermal treatment. The mechanism, photoactivity, and effects of both anion substitute and temperature have been investigated. The chemical composition, morphologies, phase structures, porous structures and photocatalytic properties of samples were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, gas sorption analysis, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy in detail. The results of mesoporous α-ZnAl2O4 indicate that average crystallite size, total pore volume, and BET surface area obtain 9.3 nm, 0.337 cm3/g, and 206.13 m2/g, respectively. Moreover, zinc aluminate spinel shows well phase after heating at 700 °C and LDHs structures were completely collapsed. The photocatalytic performances of α-ZnAl2O4 have been applied in p-nitrophenol reduction under visible light irradiation and required time at least 9 min. Finally, the new improved method constructs an excellent material for pretreatment of liquid pollutants containing high-level concentration at rapid treatment time. Keywords Layered double hydroxide · Water treatment · Liquid pollutants · Photocatalysis · Zinc aluminate spinel
1 Introduction Liquid pollutants discharged from cosmetic, paper printing, textile, and other industries contaminate the ecosystem and cause serious implications for animals, plants, and other organisms in aquatic life. Among phenolic compounds, p-nitrophenol (hereafter pNP) is widely applied in various industries, but pNP as a recalcitrant organic contaminant obtains high toxicity in the aquatic environment [1–3]. Recently, several techniques such as adsorption [4], advanced oxidation [5], biological treatment [6], coagulation and flocculation [7] have been developed to reduce phenolic compounds from watery solutions. Nevertheless, the materials for the removal of pNP obtain complicated problems, including low surface area and pore volume.
Therefore, finding an inexpensive cost, the environmentally friendly method is necessary for handling industrial wastewater containing phenolic compounds. Semiconductor photocatalysis is a prospective method to remove credential organic pollutants in wastewater. Up to now, numerous active-photocatalysts such as CuO [8], Fe2O3 [9], SnO2 [10], TiO2 [11], WO3 [12], and ZnO [13] are highly potential applications in various industries. For an effective candidate and an efficient treatment, the development of photocatalysts with high pore volume and surface area is essential. Furthermore, the previous semicon
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