An insight on Drosophila myogenesis and its assessment techniques
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REVIEW
An insight on Drosophila myogenesis and its assessment techniques Madhavi Dubey1 · Ushashi Ain1 · Hena Firdaus1 Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Movement assisted by muscles forms the basis of various behavioural traits seen in Drosophila. Myogenesis involves developmental processes like cellular specification, differentiation, migration, fusion, adherence to tendons and neuronal innervation in a series of coordinated event well defined in body space and time. Gene regulatory networks are switched on–off, fine tuning at the right developmental stage to assist each cellular event. Drosophila is a holometabolous organism that undergoes myogenesis waves at two developmental stages, and is ideal for comparative analysis of the role of genes and genetic pathways conserved across phyla. In this review we have summarized myogenic events from the embryo to adult focussing on the somatic muscle development during the early embryonic stage and then on indirect flight muscles (IFM) formation required for adult life, emphasizing on recent trends of analysing muscle mutants and advances in Drosophila muscle biology. Keywords Drosophila · Embryonic muscle development · Indirect flight muscles · Tendogenesis
Introduction Movement of an organism is the act of changing position or place by one or more of its parts. Movement has four different levels: molecular level (Brownian movement of proteins in cytosol), cellular level (amoeboid movement of eukaryotic cells), organ level (contraction and relaxation of muscles, movement of eyeball) and organismal level (flying, swimming). From a crawling eukaryotic cell [1] to a plant showing tropic movements [2], a predator capturing its prey or an insect’s foraging behaviour [3], there are many diverse types of movement. Movement associated with walking, running, climbing, flying, swimming, hopping, crawling, gliding or brachiating causes displacement [4]. This change of place by voluntary movement is called locomotion. It enables foraging, protection, predation, altruism, migration and relocation [5]. Locomotion may be summarized as the flow of information along the brain-motoneurons-muscles-skeleton axis, and fine tuning is done by an inherent feedback mechanism. Often biotic and abiotic factors of the habitat dictate the physiology/morphology of an animal which influences
its locomotory behaviour. Control mechanisms as well as forces generated during locomotion which propel an organism generating motion have been summarized by Dickinson et al. in their review [6]. In contrast to microscopic invertebrates which use motors like flagella and cilia for movement, locomotion in invertebrates like Drosophila is assisted by muscles [7]. Myogenesis is the muscle development process which involves a complex sequence of events and interaction among many different cell types, such as muscle precursors, tendon and neuronal cells. Drosophila development includes several molting stages and supports two waves of myogenesis: once during e
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