An integration of enhanced social force and crowd control models for high-density crowd simulation
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An integration of enhanced social force and crowd control models for high-density crowd simulation Hoshang Kolivand1,2 Chris Wren2
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Mohd Shafry Rahim1 • Mohd Shahrizal Sunar1 • Ahmad Zakwan Azizul Fata1
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Received: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Social force model is one of the well-known approaches that can successfully simulate pedestrians’ movements realistically. However, it is not suitable to simulate high-density crowd movement realistically due to the model having only three basic crowd characteristics which are goal, attraction, and repulsion. Therefore, it does not satisfy the high-density crowd condition which is complex yet unique, due to its capacity, density, and various demographic backgrounds of the agents. Thus, this research proposes a model that improves the social force model by introducing four new characteristics which are gender, walking speed, intention outlook, and grouping to make simulations more realistic. Besides, the high-density crowd introduces irregular behaviours in the crowd flow, which is stopping motion within the crowd. To handle these scenarios, another model has been proposed that controls each agent with two different states: walking and stopping. Furthermore, the stopping behaviour was categorized into a slow stop and sudden stop. Both of these proposed models were integrated to form a high-density crowd simulation framework. The framework has been validated by using the comparison method and fundamental diagram method. Based on the simulation of 45,000 agents, it shows that the proposed framework has a more accurate average walking speed (0.36 m/s) compared to the conventional social force model (0.61 m/s). Both of these results are compared to the real-world data which is 0.3267 m/s. The findings of this research will contribute to the simulation activities of pedestrians in a highly dense population. Keywords High-density crowd simulation Crowd simulation Crowd control models Social force model
1 Introduction Animating motion for high-density crowds is a hard task to be completed. Most researchers used one of the main three popular approaches to simulate the high-density crowds including cellular automata model, rule-based model, and social forces model. Many works from many researchers have been done to improve the realism of the simulation [43]. However, these current models are not capable of realistic simulation of high-density crowds [2, 15]. The & Hoshang Kolivand [email protected] 1
MaGIC-X (Media and Games Innovation Centre of Excellence), UTM-IRDA Digital Media Centre Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia
2
Department of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, UK
fastest and the least expensive computation is the cellular automata technique by specific strength of using a parallel computational model which integrates macroscopic and microscopic behaviours [42]. Yet, each agent can onl
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