An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps
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Geological Structures and Maps
THE UBRARY, SCHOOL OF CONTINUING STUDIES UNIVERSITY Of BIRMINGHAM, EDG8ASTON,
BIRMINGHAM 815 2TT.
An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps Fifth Edition
G. M. Bennison Formerly Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Birmingham
Edward Arnold
A division of Hodder & Stoughton LONDON NEW YORK MELBOURNE AUCKLAND
© 1990 G. M. Bennison First published in Great Britain 1964 Reprinted 1965, 1966, 1 968 Second edition 1969 Reprinted 1971 , 1973 Third edition 1975 Reprinted 1977,1979,1981,1982 Fourth edition 1985 Reprinted 1985,1986,1987,1989 Fifth edition 1990 Distributed in the USA by Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc., 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Bennison, G. M. (George Mills), 1922An introduction to geological structures and maps. - 5th ed. 1. Geological maps. Map reading I. Title 551.8 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9632-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9630-1 001: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9630-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 33-34 Alfred Place, London WC1 E 7DP. Typeset in 1 0/11 pt Helios Light by Colset Private Limited, Singapore
Contents Key to maps
vi
Preface
vii
Horizontal and dipping strata
Contours, section drawing, vertical exaggeration; Dip,. structure contours, : construction of structure contours, section drawing; True and apparent dip; Calculation of thickness of a bed, vertical and true thickn~ss; Width of outcrop; Inliers and outliers. 2 'Three-point' problems Construction of structure contours; Insertion of outcrops; Depth in boreholes.
11
3 Unconformities Overstep; Overlap; Sub-unconformity outcrops.
16
4 Folding Anticlines and synclines; Asymmetrical folds, overfolds and isoclinal folds; Similar and concentric folding; Two possible directions of strike.
19
5 Faults Normal and reversed faults; The effects of faulting on outcrops; Classification of faults, dip-slip, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults; Dip faults and strike faults; Calculation of the throw of a fault; Wrench or tear faults; Pre- and post-unconformity faulting; Structural inliers and outliers; Posthumous faulting; Isopachytes.
27
6 More folds and faulted folds Plunging folds, calculation of the amount of plunge; The effect of faulting on fold structures; Displacement of folds by strike-slip (wrench) faults, calculation of strike-slip displacement; Faults parallel to the limbs of a fold; Sub-surface structures; Posthumous folding; Polyphase folding; Bed isopachytes.
40
7 Complex structures
53
8 Igneous rocks
58
Description of a geological map; Geological history of Map 28.
64
Numerical answers
66
Index
67
Nappes; Thrust faults; Axial plane cleavage. Con
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