An optimal method for measuring biomarkers: colorimetric optical image processing for determination of creatinine concen
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An optimal method for measuring biomarkers: colorimetric optical image processing for determination of creatinine concentration using silver nanoparticles Ramin Narimani1,4 · Mehdi Azizi1,2,3 · Mahdad Esmaeili4 · Seyed Hossein Rasta4,5,6 · Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi7,8,9 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Creatinine concentration is one of the important elements in the body for diagnosing kidney failure, muscular dystrophy, glomerular filtration rate, and diabetic nephropathy. The disadvantages of recently introduced analytical techniques, such as Jaffe’s, spectroscopic, colorimetric, and chromatographic methods, for quantifying creatinine in urine involve toxicity, the high cost, interference, and the complexity of the design. In this paper, we designed and fabricated a new colorimetric assay for the measurement of creatinine concentration based on color differentiation generated by mixing different concentrations of creatinine with synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). An isolated box is designed for the uniform optical imaging of solutions, the captured images are processed in real time, and the quantitative and qualitative results are displayed. For colorimetric processing, a variety of color systems, such as RGB (red, green, blue), CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black), and grayscale (Gr), have been evaluated, indicating that the combination of green (G) and grayscale (Gr) provides the best results for this experiment. TEM analysis and spectroscopy were used to confirm the results of the experiment. Linear range and limit of detection (LOD) were obtained for AgNPs/PVP 0.03–1 mg/dl and 0.024 mg/dl and for AgNPs/PVA 0.01–1 mg/dl and 0.014 mg/dl, respectively, indicating the superiority of our proposed method over recently introduced methods. In this experiment, the detectable resolution with AgNPs/PVP is 40, while it is 71 with AgNPs/PVA. The designed system is simple to use, small in size, and cost-effective for measuring creatinine concentration, while it can be used as a portable system. Keywords Biomarker · Biosensor · Nanoparticle · Colorimetric analysis · Optical image processing · Creatinine
* Mahdad Esmaeili [email protected]; [email protected]
3
Proteomics Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
* Hamid Tayebi Khosroshahi [email protected] https://scholar.google.com/citations?user= B3a8H7wAAAAJ&hl=en
4
Medical Bioengineering Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
5
Ramin Narimani [email protected]
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
6
Mehdi Azizi [email protected]
Department of Biomedical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
7
Seyed Hossein Rasta [email protected]
Research Center for C
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