Analysis and Modeling of White Graphene Physical Properties for Sensor Applications
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Analysis and Modeling of White Graphene Physical Properties for Sensor Applications Kambiz Golmohammadi1 • Vahideh Khademhosseini2 Daryoosh Dideban2,5 • Razali Ismail4
•
MohammadTaghi Ahmadi1,3,4 •
Received: 19 June 2016 / Revised: 23 November 2018 / Accepted: 18 December 2018 Ó The National Academy of Sciences, India 2019
Abstract White graphene as a two-dimensional material has honeycomb lattice which is comprised of boron and nitrogen atoms. Its mechanical properties are similar to graphene, but its electrical properties are different because it has a large bandgap about 5.5 eV. Moreover, relaxation time plays a key role in its properties that affects on the electron transfer speed in this material. The white graphene is an insulator, but its dielectric polarization does not depend on the electric field and also any external stress cannot change linear response of relaxation. In this research, some physical properties of white graphene and its relaxation time are investigated and modeled. Finally, acceptable results are reported which bring new hopes for the replacement of silicon oxide with white graphene as a one-monolayer insulator in future sensors applications. Keywords Bandgap Graphene Honeycomb lattice Two-dimensional materials White graphene
& Vahideh Khademhosseini [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Science College, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
3
Nano Electronic Research Group, Physics Department, Nanotechnology Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
4
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Technology Malaysia, 81310Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
5
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
1 Introduction Graphene with 2D structure of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice is discovered in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov [1]. Its atoms connect together with hybrid sp2, while each of these tetravalent atoms is connected by three covalent bonds to three other atoms. Moreover, one electron from each carbon atom remains out of graphene plane which causes weak Van der Waals bonding between the graphene layers. Since graphene is a monolayer of a three-dimensional graphite, it has special properties such as excellent electrical conductivity, high current density and very large carrier mobility [2, 3]. If carbon atoms in honeycomb lattice of graphene are replaced with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms, its properties change and this is called white graphene. This structure is shown in Fig. 1. ˚ , but The bond length in the BN structure is 2.51 A ˚ . It carbon–carbon bond length in graphene equals 2.46 A has a smooth surface without dangling bonds and charge traps [4]. It manifests other unique properties such as ‘‘BN’’ nanosheet cannot adsorb light in the visible region [5]. Its band gap is about 5.5 eV, its dielectric constant is about 3.5, and VBreakdown 0:7 V=nm [6, 7]. Other properties include excellent oxidation
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