Analysis of Correlation between Heart Rate and Pulse Wave Velocity using Cardiovascular Simulator
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Analysis of Correlation between Heart Rate and Pulse Wave Velocity using Cardiovascular Simulator Min-Woo Lee Department of East-West Medical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
Min Jang Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
Jung-Hoon Lee Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
Dong-Eun Kim
and Sang-Hoon Shin
∗
Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea (Received 18 September 2020; revised 30 October 2020; accepted 30 October 2020) In clinical studies, the effect of heart rate (HR) alone as feedback for maintaining homeostasis cannot be observed. Therefore, in this study, the effect of HR on pulse wave velocity (PWV) was investigated using a simulator without feedback. This was achieved via a one-tube model that simplifies the human arterial system and an arterial tree model similar to the human body, using a cardiovascular simulator. The one-tube model measured the pressure waveform at two measuring points 1.2 m apart, while the arterial tree model measured the pressure waveform in the carotid and femoral arteries. In the one-tube experiment, the effects of HR, mean pressure (MP), and stroke volume (SV) on PWV were independently investigated. PWV was found to increase as HR increased, but was not affected when MP and SV were changed. Further, in the arterial tree model experiment, it was observed that the PWV increased with an increase in HR. The results of this study showed that even in a simulator containing a human arterial model made of silicone material with no human feedback action, changes in HR alone affect the PWV. Keywords: Heart rate, Pulse wave velocity, Simulator, Womersley function DOI: 10.3938/jkps.77.1061
I. INTRODUCTION Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the main evaluation index for arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis [1]. Arterial stiffness is affected by structural and functional changes in the arterial walls. PWV is affected primarily by the elastic modulus, structure of arterial walls, and fluid density. Previous related studies [2, 3] have reported a positive correlation between heart rate (HR) and PWV. However, the mechanism of interaction between HR and PWV has not been clearly identified. Several clinical studies have investigated the correlation between the HR and PWV in patients with heart disease [4] and subjects of various age groups [3,5] in a steady state. The HR increased primarily through drug injection and pacing, and the PWV was measured using a commercialized automatic PWV measuring device. ∗ E-mail:
Clinical studies have also demonstrated that as the HR increases, the PWV increases. In addition to clinical research, a study was conducted to reveal the mechanism of interaction between HR and PWV using computer simulations. Xiao et al. [6] used computer simulations to observe the effect of the viscoelasticity coefficient between the HR and PWV [6]. As with the clinical studies, they found that the PWV increases with increasing HR only i
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