Analytical methods for detection of Zika virus
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Prospective Article
Analytical methods for detection of Zika virus Kai-Hung Yang, Department of Material Science Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Roger J. Narayan, Department of Material Science Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7907, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Address all correspondence to Roger J. Narayan at [email protected] (Received 3 January 2017; accepted 17 March 2017)
Abstract Due to the recent outbreak of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in several regions, rapid, and accurate methods to diagnose Zika infection are in demand, particularly in regions that are on the frontline of a ZIKV outbreak. In this paper, three diagnostic methods for ZIKV are considered. Viral isolation is the gold standard for detection; this approach can involve incubation of cell cultures. Serological identification is based on the interactions between viral antigens and immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M antibodies; cross-reactivity with other types of flaviviruses can cause reduced specificity with this approach. Molecular confirmation, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), involves reverse transcription of RNA and amplification of DNA. Quantitative analysis based on real-time RT–PCR can be undertaken by comparing fluorescence measurements against previously developed standards. A recently developed programmable paper-based detection approach can provide low-cost and rapid analysis. These viral identification and viral genetic analysis approaches play crucial roles in understanding the transmission of ZIKV.
Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus in the genus Flavivirus and the family Flaviviridae. ZIKV is most closely related to the Spondweni virus and other mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), West Nile (WNV), Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya virus (CHIKV).[1] ZIKV was first isolated in a Rhesus monkey that was used as a sentinel animal for yellow fever research in the Zika forest of Uganda. The second time the virus was isolated took place in early 1948 and involved an Aedes africanus mosquito in the same forest.[2] The first case of ZIKV isolation in humans occurred in 1954 during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria.[3] According to the phylogenetic and geographical analysis, ZIKV can be categorized into three lineages, the East Africa lineage, the West Africa lineage, and the Asia lineage.[4] The introduction of ZIKV from Uganda to West Africa and Malaysia may have occurred in the 1940s.[5] Although ZIKV has been introduced across a wide geographical range, only sporadic cases of human infection have been reported in Africa (e.g., Senegal,[6,7] Sierra Leone,[8] Gabon,[9,10] Central African Republic,[11] Ivory coast,[12] and Egypt[13]) and Asia (e.g., Indonesia,[14] Pakistan,[15] Malaysia,[16] India,[17] Thailand, North Vietnam,[18] and the Philippines[19]).
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