Animal Models and Renal Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the first cause of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal models of the disease can shed light on the pathogenesis of the diabetic nephropathy (DN) and novel and earlier biomarkers of the condition may help to improve dia
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Animal Models and Renal Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy Laura Pérez-López, Mauro Boronat, Carlos Melián, Yeray Brito-Casillas, and Ana M. Wägner
Abstract
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the first cause of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal models of the disease can shed light on the pathogenesis of the diabetic nephropathy (DN) and novel and earlier biomarkers of the condition may help to improve diagnosis and prognosis. This review summarizes the most important features of animal models used in the study of DN and updates the most recent progress in biomarker research.
Animal models · Chronic kidney disease · Creatinine · Cystatin C · Diabetes mellitus · Diabetic nephropathy · Early markers · Glomerular filtration rate · Kidney injury molecule-1 · Obesity · Symmetric dimethylarginine
L. Pérez-López and Y. Brito-Casillas Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain M. Boronat and A. M. Wägner (*) Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain e-mail: [email protected] C. Melián Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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Introduction
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) occurring in 20–40% of people with diabetes (Dronavalli et al. 2008). Although cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death, approximately 10–20% of people with DM die because of kidney failure, and DM is considered the first cause of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) (World Health Organization (WHO) 2019). Improved diagnosis and treatment of renal disease has led to better prognosis (Andrésdóttir et al. 2014). Furthermore, detecting the disease at an earlier stage and building on our understanding of the mechanisms of the disease may help to improve diagnosis further. Recently, many reports have proposed a wide number of markers of CKD, and it has been shown that many of them reflect damage of one specific part of the nephron (Colhoun and Marcovecchio 2018; Domingos et al. 2016; Kim et al. 2013; Kem et al. 2010; Carlsson et al. 2017;
L. Pérez-López et al.
Colombo et al. 2019a). Albuminuria and microalbuminuria have traditionally been considered as markers of glomerular damage, and they have also been considered the first alterations that can be detected in DN (American Diabetes Association 2004). However, recent studies have shown that some patients with DM have CKD in the absence of microalbuminur
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