Anti-herbivore activity of soluble silicon for crop protection in agriculture: a review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Anti-herbivore activity of soluble silicon for crop protection in agriculture: a review Ramasamy Kanagaraj Murali-Baskaran 1
&
Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan 2 & Wayne Brian Hunter 3
Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Silicon (Si) is considered an important component for plant growth, development, and yield in many crop species. Silicon is also known to reduce plant pests. Although Si, the major component of soil next to oxygen, it is not used as a major nutrient by crop plants. However, extensive literature demonstrate the beneficial effects of soluble silicates, like silicon [orthosilicic acid (Si(H4SiO4)], on reducing biotic stress in crop ecosystems. In general, monocots tend to accumulate substantially more Si in plant tissues than dicots. Si accumulates in plant cell walls, providing protection by increasing the synthesis of lignin and phenolic compounds and activating the endogenous chemical defenses of plants including volatile and non-volatile compounds and other physical structures like trichomes. This review provides an overview of the history of silicon use in agriculture in India, for the management of insect pests. The future research needs in this field of study are also presented. Keywords Anti-herbivory . Biochemical . Chemical-induced pathways . Crop protection . Hemiptera . Lepidoptera . Diptera . Phytochemical . Pest management
Introduction Silicon (Si) in all its forms is one of the richest elements in the Earth’s crust (25–40%) next to oxygen (Brown 2019; Rastogi et al. 2019; Li et al. 2020). The only form of soluble Si available for plant uptake is the form orthosilicic acid [monosilicic acid (Si(H4SiO4)] (Ma 2004; Casey et al. 2004; Kaushik and Saini 2019; Islam et al. 2020a, b). Although Si appears to be abundantly available, the compound is not always in the bioavailable form. When available to plants, Si is transported and
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Ramasamy Kanagaraj Murali-Baskaran [email protected]; [email protected] 1
ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 493225, India
2
Division of Biopesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu 627412, India
3
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
sequestered in cell walls throughout the plant, from roots, leaves, and fruits, resulting in increased resilience and defense to biotic and abiotic factors (Alam et al. 2020). One example is its incorporation into specialized structures such as trichomes that reduce pest herbivory (Epstein 2009). Several factors influence soil Si availability to plants, including soil type, method of land cultivation, levels and types of organic matter, temperature, and pH (Miles et al. 2014; Anda et al. 2015). Overall, sili
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