Precision Crop Protection - the Challenge and Use of Heterogeneity
Precision farming is an agricultural management system using global navigation satellite systems, geographic information systems, remote sensing, and data management systems for optimizing the use of nutrients, water, seed, pesticides and energy in hetero
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Erich-Christian Oerke · Roland Gerhards · Gunter Menz · Richard A. Sikora Editors
Precision Crop Protection the Challenge and Use of Heterogeneity
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Editors Erich-Christian Oerke University of Bonn Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Nussallee 9 53115 Bonn Germany [email protected] Gunter Menz University of Bonn Department of Geography Remote Sensing Meckenheimer Allee 166 53115 Bonn Germany [email protected]
Roland Gerhards University of Hohenheim Department of Weed Sciences Otto-Sanderstrasse 5 70599 Stuttgart Germany [email protected] Richard A. Sikora University of Bonn Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation Nussallee 9 53115 Bonn Germany [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-9276-2 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9277-9 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9277-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930514 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
A broad spectrum of weeds, animal pests and pathogens – collectively referred to here as pests – are known to cause considerable quantitative and qualitative losses in crop production worldwide. These yield-limiting biotic stress factors have to be appropriately managed in order to reduce their negative impact on the production of food, feed, fiber and fuel. The world’s population is expected to expand to 9.1 billion by 2050. This growth in human population will require an increase in food production of up to 70% over present day production levels. A shift in agricultural production towards the use of biomass for energy and other types of renewable resources will dramatically increase the demand for plant based products. In order to meet this demand, crops have to be protected from pests in an effective, efficient and environmental friendly way. Management in most cases can be accomplished by a combination of mechanical, biological and/or chemical tools and other supportive technologies in integrated control programs. Pests as well as abiotic stress conditions commonly are heterogeneous in time and space in a production field. In the past heterogeneities in soil, water and nutrient distribution affecting crop growth have been managed by dividing the agricultural area into small units with less heterogeneity. In modern large-scale farming, heterogeneity complicates targeted application of agricultural inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers. Heterogeneity often is ignored, because of the lack of appropriate technology to deal with it. Control options, such as the applic
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