Anti-inflammatory activity of Xanthium indicum on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Anti‑inflammatory activity of Xanthium indicum on carrageenan‑induced paw edema in rats Swapnil P. Chaudhari1 · Dheeraj T. Baviskar1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University 2020
Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the antiphlogistic activity of Xanthium indicum methanolic extract in carrageenaninduced paw edema in rats as an acute inflammatory model. Plant extract was analyzed for phytochemical screening of different phytoconstituents. 36 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Paw edema was induced with 1.5% carrageenan to all the groups except normal. Ibuprofen was used as a standard drug and Xanthium indicum 100, 300, 500 mg/kg dose with carrageenan was administered in the paw. Paw thickness was measured at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were measured in paw tissue homogenate. Paw thickness was increased from 1 to 4 h and the Xanthium indicum treated group shows a decrease in paw thickness. SOD and GSH content were decreased and the MDA level increased in the carrageenan injected group, however, treatment groups show reverse effects also we found that increase in cytokine levels in the carrageenan group and decrease in the treatment group. From this study, we conclude that Xanthium indicum has anti-inflammatory activity by reducing paw inflammation as well as oxidative stress and cytokine in paw tissue homogenate. Keywords Xanthium indicum · Cytokines · Oxidative stress · Inflammation · Paw thickness
Introduction Inflammation reflects a local reaction to injury from living tissues. This is a body defensive reflex to remove the injurious force. There are numerous elements of an allergic response that may lead to the effects and tissue damage (Ahmad et al. 1992). Edema, infiltration of immune cells, and the accumulation of granulomas represent certain incendiary components (Mueller et al. 2010). The diverse occurrences and facilitators associated with the hypersensitivity reaction may cause other responses or exacerbate these. Immune cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, and IL-1β are increased in the state of inflammation (Maas et al. 2011; Lin and Shieh 1996). Xanthium indicum is a perennial genus of plants that belong to the Asteraceae family. It’s about a meter in height as little as afoot. Numerous leaves are 5 cm wide. Fruits were oblong-shaped, around 1.6 cm long, with 2 upright mucronate snouts, densely coated in uniformly stuck prickles (Hossan and Zaman 2011). The
herb is identified with major components such as glycosides, polyphenols, tocopherols alpha and gamma, xanthostrumarin, and xanthonolides (Haque et al. 2013; Bohlmann et al. 1982). Plant is reported with different pharmacological activities like diuretics, CNS depressant, diaphoretic and styptic properties. Decoction of plant has activity in renal and urinary complications. Seeds of the plant have anti-inflammatory activity, the root of plants used in the treatment of cancer, and scrofulous tumors (Haque
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