Anti-inflammatory Effect of Protocatechuic Aldehyde on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vivo and In Vitro
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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Protocatechuic Aldehyde on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vivo and In Vitro Guo Wei,1 Yue Guan,1 Ying Yin,1 Jialin Duan,1 Dan Zhou,1 Yanrong Zhu,1 Wei Quan,1 Miaomiao Xi,1,2 and Aidong Wen1,2
Abstract—Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, in which inflammatory response plays a vital role, is frequently encountered in clinical practice. The present study was aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and the possible mechanism of protocatechuic aldehyde (PAl) on MI/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. The rat model of MI/R injury was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, followed by 3-h reperfusion, and pretreatment with PAl could protect the heart from MI/R injury by reducing myocardial infarct size and the activities of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) in serum. Also, PAl administration markedly reduced cellular injury induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, which was evidenced by increased cell viability, reduced lactate dehydrogenase and cTn-I activities in the culture medium, and greatly decreased percentage of cell apoptosis. Moreover, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, phosphorylated IκB-α, and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were all evidently decreased by PAl both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these observations suggested that PAl could exert great protective effects against MI/R injury in rats and SI/R injury in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, and the cardioprotective mechanism might be involved in the suppression of inflammatory response via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. KEY WORDS: protocatechuic aldehyde; anti-inflammatory; cardiomyocytes; myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; nuclear factor-kappa B.
gotten increased attention. It has been established that MI/R injury is closely associated with a strong inflammatory response [2, 3]. A vast body of evidence suggested a critical role for inflammatory cascades mediated by cytokines and adhesion molecules including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6, and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in MI/R process [4–6]. In addition, numerous experimental studies have shown excellent cardioprotection with the use of specific anti-inflammatory measures [7–9]. Therefore, therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the inflammatory process may be a reasonable choice for the treatment of related heart diseases. The root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae), commonly known as Danshen, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines in China. Ample clinical and experimental evidences have implicated a critical role for Danshen in the pathogenesis of MI/R injury [10–12]. Protocatechuic aldehyde (PAl) {benzaldehyde,
INTRODUCTION Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is a common clinical entity, which occurs in many situations including angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery, cardiac transplantat
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