Anti-tick Vaccines for the Control of Ticks Affecting Livestock
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropod parasites affecting most terrestrial vertebrate species. Their importance as disease vectors is due to the abundance and diversity of organisms they transmit to their vertebrate host. In addition, secondary infec
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Cassandra Olds, Richard Bishop, and Claudia Daubenberger
Contents 17.1
Introduction ..............................................
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17.2
Vaccination Against Ticks .......................
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Transmission Blocking Anti-tick Vaccines ..................................................... The Future of Anti-tick Vaccine Development ..............................................
17.3 17.3.1
Anti-tick Vaccine Candidates.................. Review of Successful Anti-tick Vaccine Candidates .................................... Commercialization of Bm86-Derived Vaccines ..................................................... Bm86 Homologues of Other Tick Species and Their Vaccine Potential .. Other Anti-tick Vaccine Candidates ........... Dual-Action Anti-tick Vaccines .................
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References ...............................................................
17.3.2 17.3.3 17.3.4 17.3.5
17.4
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C. Olds, PhD (*) Department of Biotechnology, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya Department Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Parasites, Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases, ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa e-mail: [email protected] R. Bishop, PhD Department of Biotechnology, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya C. Daubenberger, PhD Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
17.4.1
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Abstract
Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropod parasites affecting most terrestrial vertebrate species. Their importance as disease vectors is due to the abundance and diversity of organisms they transmit to their vertebrate host. In addition, secondary infections of the attachment site, direct toxicosis, and paralysis can occur due to tick feeding. The impact of tickborne diseases is most heavily felt in the livestock sector, where production is limited in many areas due to high tick infestations and tick-borne disease prevalence. Currently, large-scale tick control is achieved through acaricide application, but continued use has resulted in resistance to several active ingredients. As an alternative, the immunological control of ticks through vaccination has been proposed. Proof of concept has been shown culminating in commercial vaccines for the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Despite this initial success, the development of anti-tick vaccines faces a number of unique obstacles due to complex interactions between tick and vertebrate hosts. This complexity does however allow novel areas of vaccine development to be followed that are unavailable to other vector-borne dis-
M. Giese (ed.), Molecular Vaccines Volume 1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1419-3_17, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
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C. Olds et al.
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eases. Tick antigens localized in the tick gut are concealed from the
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