Antileishmanial activity of Annona species (Annonaceae)
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Antileishmanial activity of Annona species (Annonaceae) Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido1 · Juliana Correa‑Barbosa1 · João Victor da Silva‑Silva2 · Erica Vanessa Souza Costa1 · Sandro Percário3 · Maria Fâni Dolabela1 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Annona species are widely used in traditional medicine against leishmaniasis. In vitro studies have confirmed their antileishmanial activity. Objective: review the antileishmanial activity of Annona species. Results: This article provides a review Annona species activity against leishmaniasis, in which it suggests that extracts of A. mucosa were active against promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis. Moreover, extracts of A. crassiflora were active only against promastigotes of L. donovani, whereas the extract, alkaloid fraction and liriodenine of A. foetida were active against promastigotes of L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis. Liriodenine was also very active against L. amazonensis. Furthermore, extracts and fractions from stems of A. muricata were active against Leishmania sp. This activity may be related to the presence of acetogenins, since fractionation contributed to increase activity. The fractionation of A. purpurea extract contributed to antileishmanial activity, and resulted in a fraction with high selectivity. Such activity may be related to alkaloids or acetogenins. Conclusions: In this review article it is suggested that Annona species are promising as leishmanicide and this activity may be related to acetogenins and alkaloids. Keywords Annona · Leishmaniasis · Alkaloid and acetogenin
1 Introduction Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites belonging to the Trypanosomatidae family and Leishmania genus. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis—visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous [1]. Most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis occur in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Syrian Arab Republic [1]. Leishmaniasis treatment is performed with pentavalent antimonials (sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate), amphotericin B and pentamidine. However, the use of these agents is questionable due to the variability in their efficacy among Leishmania species, high cost, need for parenteral administration, and high toxicity [2, 3].
The search for alternative therapies is very important, and medicinal plants are a source of bioactive molecules [4]. Annona species are used in traditional medicine to treat leishmaniasis. In vitro, antileishmanial studies of extracts validated the popular use [5–7]. Some studies about antileishmanial activity of Annona attribute its activity to alkaloids [8, 9] and acetogenins [10]. Several alkaloids were active against Leishmania, among these are coronaridine (Fig. 1a), 18-methoxycoronaridine (Fig. 1b) [11], O-methylarmepavine (Fig. 1c) [10], liriodenine (Fig. 1d) [12]. Moreover, acetogenins annonacinone (Fig. 1e) and corossolone (Fig. 1f ) were also promising as leishmanicide [10]. Previous studie
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