Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries
"Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries, edited by Drs. Anibal Sosa and Denis Byarugaba, and their associate editors is unique in focusing on antimicrobial resistance as it relates to, and threatens developing countries. It is curious that it ha
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Anı´ bal de J. Sosa Denis K. Byarugaba Carlos F. Ama´bile-Cuevas Po-Ren Hsueh Samuel Kariuki Iruka N. Okeke l
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Editors
Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries
Foreword by Thomas F. O’Brien Introductory Preface by the Editors Guest Preface by Stuart B. Levy
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Editors Anı´ bal de J. Sosa Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) Tufts University Boston, MA USA [email protected]
Denis K. Byarugaba Department of Veterinary Medicine Makerere University Kampala, Uganda [email protected]
Carlos F. Ama´bile-Cuevas ´ Lusara para la Fundacion ´ Cientı´ fica Investigacion Mexico City, Mexico [email protected]
Po-Ren Hsueh Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C [email protected]
Samuel Kariuki Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]
Iruka N. Okeke Department of Biology Haverford College Haverford, PA, USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-387-89369-3 e-ISBN 978-0-387-89370-9 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-89370-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009920952 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
Avoiding infection has always been expensive. Some human populations escaped tropical infections by migrating into cold climates but then had to procure fuel, warm clothing, durable housing, and crops from a short growing season. Waterborne infections were averted by owning your own well or supporting a community reservoir. Everyone got vaccines in rich countries, while people in others got them later if at all. Antimicrobial agents seemed at first to be an exception. They did not need to be delivered through a cold chain and to everyone, as vaccines did. They had to be given only to infected patients and often then as relatively cheap injectables or pills off a shelf for only a few days to get astonishing cures. Antimicrobials not only were better than most other innovations but also reached more of the world’s people sooner. The problem appeared later. After each new antimicrobial became widely used, genes expressing resistance to it began to emerge and spread through bacterial populations. Patien
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