Anxiolytic Effect of Increased NREM Sleep after Acute Social Defeat Stress in Mice
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Anxiolytic Effect of Increased NREM Sleep after Acute Social Defeat Stress in Mice Xiang Feng1 • Hui-Ying Zhao1 • Yu-Jin Shao1 • Hui-Fang Lou1 • Li-Ya Zhu1 Shumin Duan1 • Yan-Qin Yu1
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Received: 25 November 2019 / Accepted: 15 January 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Social defeat stress (SDS) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. Sleep is generally considered to involve recovery of the brain from prior experience during wakefulness and is altered after acute SDS. However, the effect of acute SDS on sleep/wake behavior in mice varies between studies. In addition, whether sleep changes in response to stress contribute to anxiety is not well established. Here, we first investigated the effects of acute SDS on sleep/wake states in the active period in mice. Our results showed that total sleep time (time in rapid eyemovement [REM] and non-REM [NREM] sleep) increased in the active period after acute SDS. NREM sleep increased mainly during the first 3 h after SDS, while REM sleep increased at a later time. Then, we demonstrated that the increased NREM sleep had an anxiolytic benefit in acute SDS. Mice deprived of sleep for 1 h or 3 h after acute SDS remained in a highly anxious state, while in mice with ad libitum sleep the anxiety rapidly faded away. Altogether, our findings suggest an anxiolytic effect of NREM sleep, and indicate a potential therapeutic strategy for anxiety. Keywords Social defeat stress Sleep Sleep deprivation Anxiety Anxiolytic effect Xiang Feng and Hui-Ying Zhao have contributed equally to this work. & Shumin Duan [email protected] & Yan-Qin Yu [email protected] 1
Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
Introduction Frustration in social interactions is a common problem, most often illustrated by bullying in schools. Social defeat is a major source of stress in humans and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of mental disorders such as anxiety and depression [1]. At the same time, occasional emotional reactions, including stress responses, are generally viewed as normal psychological and physical reactions to negative situations in daily life and help to cope with a frequently changing and challenging environment. However, frequent emotional reactions referred to as chronic stress are pathological conditions that increase the risk of depression and anxiety [2–6]. Therefore, timely alleviation of acute stress can prevent it from developing into a pathological emotional state. In addition to causing affective disorders, acute stress promotes wakefulness and enhances arousal while the stressor persists [7]. Social stress also leads to sleep disturbances [7–10]. Interestingly, in contrast to the wellstudied effect of stress on anxiety-like behaviors, the consequences of social defeat stress (SDS) on sleep are not clear [10–14]. An acute effect of SDS on
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