Apoptotic Chromatin Changes
The Greek word apoptosis was used first by Hippocrates as a synonyme of dislocations of the bones, structural changes related to tissue, by Marcus Aurelius in political and social context as failure and decline. The physician Galen extended the medical me
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DNA Empire
Summary Different functions of ribonucleotides provide additional arguments that RNA preceded DNA. It is proposed that the DNA Empire came into being after photosynthesizing algae provided an oxygen rich environment. Oxygen the “by-product” of photolyis contributed to the RNA => DNA transition. The reductive power generated by the photolyis produced more carbohydrates than the photosynthesizing algae needed and provided a carbohydrate rich environment for microbial symbiotic communities in the “local primordial soup”. The discovery of the structure of the double stranded DNA led to the recognition of several basic principles of modern biology. Based on these rules the informational processes belonging to the DNA Empire have been compiled into a comprehensive hierarchically arranged system consisting of at least twelve processes known as the transfer of genetic information or genetic communication.
Historical Events Leading to the Recognition of Core Processes of Genetic Information Jacob, “The First Geneticist” Guesses related to the transfer of genetic information were based on observations and similarities among relatives, consequently these ancient perceptions are much older than the only one century old telecommunication. The results of these ancient observations are known as plant improvements and domestication of animals.
G. B´anfalvi, Apoptotic Chromatin Changes, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9561-0 1, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009
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1 DNA Empire
The first documented evidence of controlled animal propagation comes from the Bible (The book of Genesis 31). Jacob (meaning deceiver, who God later renamed as Israel, meaning he struggles with God, the second-born of the twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah and the grandson of Abraham and Sarah, Genesis 25:24–26), after serving as a shepherd for fourteen years asked his uncle Laban who was also his father-in-law, to pay his wages. It became about when Rachel had borne Joseph. Laban said to Jacob: “What shall I give you?” Jacob said, “You shall not give me anything. If you will do this one thing for me, I will again pasture and keep your flock: Let me pass through your entire flock today, removing from there every speckled and spotted sheep, and every black one among the lambs, and the spotted and speckled among the goats; and such shall be my wages (Genesis 30:31–32, New American Standard Bilde, 1995). After dividing the flock Jacob became exceedingly prosperous within a few years (Genesis 30 verses 41–42). His method was a stroke of genius. It was a kind of selective breeding. What determined the colour of offspring of the flocks was the characteristics of the black male that mated with the white female goats. Jacob’s attention was drawn to the fact that all the white female goats which were mating with black males, gave birth to striped, speckled, and mottled offsprings. Based on this recognition Jacob allowed only the striped, speckled, and mottled males to mate with the white female goats of Laban, none of the rest. Soon Jacob became a r
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