Application of Polypropylene Amine Dendrimers (POPAM)-Grafted MWCNTs Hybrid Materials as a New Sorbent for Solid-Phase E
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Application of Polypropylene Amine Dendrimers (POPAM)-Grafted MWCNTs Hybrid Materials as a New Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction and Trace Determination of Gold(III) and Palladium(II) in Food and Environmental Samples Mohammad Behbahani & Tayebeh Gorji & Mojtaba Mahyari & Mani Salarian & Akbar Bagheri & Ahmad Shaabani
Received: 21 June 2013 / Accepted: 12 August 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract A new method which utilizes a polypropylene amine dendrimers (POPAM)-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid materials as an effective sorbent in solidphase extraction has been developed for separation and preconcentration of Au(III) and Pd(II) trace levels in food, water and soil samples. The optimum experimental conditions such as pH, flow rates, type, concentration, and volume of the eluent for elution of gold and palladium ions, breakthrough volume, and effect of potentially interfering ions on separation and determination of these noble metals were investigated. The extraction recoveries for the mentioned noble metals were greater than 98 % and the limits of detection were 0.08 and 0.12 ng mL−1 for gold and palladium, respectively. The relative standard deviations of the method were less than 4 % for eight separate column experiments for determination of 5.0 μg of gold and palladium ions. The adsorption capacity of the modified MWCNT was 92 mg g−1 for gold and 74 mg g−1 for palladium on POPAM-grafted MWCNTs. Validation of the suggested method was performed by analyzing certified reference materials. Finally, the proposed method was applied for determination of gold(III) and palladium(II) in real samples, including fish, shrimp, water, and soil.
M. Behbahani : M. Mahyari : M. Salarian : A. Bagheri (*) : A. Shaabani Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran e-mail: [email protected] T. Gorji Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Keywords Gold . Palladium . Polypropylene amine dendrimers grafted MWCNTs hybrid materials . Preconcentration . Food and environmental samples
Introduction There is great interest in the removal and recovery of precious metals such as gold, palladium, platinum, and other noble metals in wastewater. The two most important reasons and motivations for the removal of precious metals are their economical impact of losing these metals and their environmental concerns (Elci et al. 2007). Trace amounts of these precious metals can be found in some wastewaters as a result of mining (Salih et al. 2007), electroplating industries (Ishikawa et al. 2002), and electronic and jewelry manufacturing. Removal and recovery of these noble metals from these manufacturing wastewaters for reuse can be financially beneficial and definitely decrease the production costs. Concentration of precious metals in environment and wastewaters is in trace levels, thus, an effective separation and preconcentration procedure prior to determination is considered an essential step. Pallad
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