Application of the Battery Management System in a Multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
The state of charge of a battery depends mainly on its capacity and the discharge current. This is an important parameter for the battery that protects it from deep discharges, overcharging and estimates its remaining energy. Thus, the more precise the es
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Abstract. The state of charge of a battery depends mainly on its capacity and the discharge current. This is an important parameter for the battery that protects it from deep discharges, overcharging and estimates its remaining energy. Thus, the more precise the estimation of the state of charge, the more energy that the battery can provide is better exploited. This can be part of a possible energy optimization of the UAV and the control of its performance. This article presents generalities about the battery and its management system mainly the mathematical methods for SOC estimation, as well as an application on Rotary-wing UAVs with a model of energy consumption. Keywords: Batteries State of charge Multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles Energy consumption Bayesian method
1 Introduction Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft without passengers or pilots that can fly autonomously or be remotely controlled from the ground. Rotary-wing UAVs are employed in military, civilian and scientific missions. Among its missions; there is surveillance, reconnaissance, mapping, cartography, border patrol, inspection, homeland security, search and rescue, fire detection, agricultural imaging and traffic monitoring. They can hover in place and take off and land vertically [1]. Drones can use several energy sources; Table 1 shows its sources of energy. Previous work has opted for a diversified electrical architecture that may contain more than one source of power to supply the UAV. Table 2 shows his work. According to Table 2, the battery is an essential source of energy for drones. In fact, the battery is one of the most attractive energy storage systems because of its high efficiency and low pollution [8]. There are several kinds of batteries currently being used in industry: lead-acid battery, Ni-MH battery, Ni-Cd battery, and Li-ion battery. The battery has the advantages of high working cell voltage, low pollution, low selfdischarge rate, and high-power density. UAVs are ideally suited for long endurance applications and the flight endurance is in direct relationship with the total weight of the craft. Therefore, Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries in electric UAVs are usually used as power source on account of their high density energy [9] and their low weight 100–265 Wh/Kg. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Y. Farhaoui and L. Moussaid (Eds.): ICBDSDE 2018, SBD 53, pp. 132–143, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12048-1_15
Application of the Battery Management System
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Table 1. Energy sources of a drone Energy sources Batteries
Fuel cell
Supercapacitor
PV panels
Advantages
Drawbacks
– High energy density: 50–200 Wh/kg – Strong intensity of discharge – Low self-discharge and memory effect – Low internal resistance – High Energy Density: 150–1500 Wh/Kg – Non-polluting – Hydrogen is an inexhaustible source – Low maintenance
– Low density of power: 150 W/Kg – Risk explosion in short circuit or overload
– High Power Density: 1000–10 000 W/kg – Unparalleled durability: over a million cycles – Low intern
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