Applications of geophysical techniques to improve a groundwater conceptual model in an outcrop area of the Guarani Aquif
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Applications of geophysical techniques to improve a groundwater conceptual model in an outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer System, in Brazil J. V. Coutinho1 · J. L. Porsani2 · V. R. Elis2 · V. R. N. Santos3 · A. T. Ustra2 · E. Wendland1 Received: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The comprehension of groundwater flow depends on the knowledge of hydrogeological features and water cycle, especially the recharge process. Geophysical techniques can provide useful hydrogeological information (e.g., water table and base aquifer) toward improving the water balance in groundwater models. This study, conducted in an outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) in São Paulo state (Brazil), applied Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and geoelectrical techniques for structuring a conceptual groundwater model. A GPR with 200 MHz antenna, 4 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) with Schlumberger array, and 12 Electrical Resistivity Tomographies (ERT) with dipole–dipole array were used. Geophysical techniques, soil samples, and water level from monitoring wells helped the definition of two different hydraulic conductivity regions and a flux boundary condition for the groundwater flow model. Keywords GPR · VES · ERT · Paraná basin
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09163-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * J. V. Coutinho [email protected] J. L. Porsani [email protected] V. R. Elis [email protected] V. R. N. Santos [email protected] A. T. Ustra [email protected] E. Wendland [email protected] 1
São Carlos School of Engineering, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, University of São Paulo (EESC/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
2
Departamento de Geofísica, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
3
Kerno Geo Soluções Ltda, São Paulo, Brazil
Although groundwater recharge and flow have been widely discussed in several groundwater and atmospheric models, their accuracy is highly dependent on the input parameters, including soil properties (Klotzsche et al. 2019). Subsurface features related to geological heterogeneity in a model can affect (i) local and regional water cycles, (ii) recharge and discharge areas, (iii) hydrogeological parameters (e.g., hydraulic conductivity and porosity), and (iv) water flow into aquifers (Sinha et al. 2009; Dvory et al. 2016; Mahmud et al. 2016; Akinbiyi et al. 2019). Important stratigraphic information from geophysical surveys helps the construction of conceptual groundwater models but hampers the production of a reliable water balance (Gueting et al. 2015; Somaratne et al. 2018). Geophysical methods are usually non-invasive and can survey large areas, thus providing a high density database. Geophysical data can be used in the estimation of hydrogeol
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