Exploration of Gas Hydrates Geophysical Techniques
Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline substances that form a rigid cage of water molecules and entrap hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gas by hydrogen bonding. Natural gas hydrate is primarily composed of water and methane. These are solid, crystalline, ic
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Naresh Kumar Thakur
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Sanjeev Rajput
Exploration of Gas Hydrates Geophysical Techniques
Dr. Naresh Kumar Thakur National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR) Uppal Road Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India, 500007 [email protected]
Dr. Sanjeev Rajput CSIRO Petroleum Resources ARRC 26 Dick Perry Ave, Kensington, Perth, Western Australia, 6151 Australia [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-14233-8 e-ISBN 978-3-642-14234-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-14234-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937767 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
“Exploration of Gas Hydrates: Geophysical Techniques” adds an important dimension to the story of Natural Gas Hydrates from an energy perspective. Natural Gas Hydrates present an enormous opportunity and also a series of challenges if they are to be exploited on a large scale to bring vast quantities of a relatively clean fuel to market. Among these challenges, characterization and especially quantification of the methane hydrate resource present on our continental margins is of primary concern at this point in time. Geophysics is the best tool we have to meet this challenge. Seismic reflection methods have been used for several decades as the primary means to detect of gas hydrates in continental margins. However, while the detection of gas hydrates in marine sediments is relatively straightforward from analysis of the anomalous amplitude and phase of reflectors, the accurate determination of gas hydrate quantities in subsurface space is an altogether more difficult task. As a pre-requisite, seismic acquisition parameters must be specified that adequately illuminate and sample the subsurface in a highly repeatable way, and with sufficient spatial resolution and dynamic range for the task. This requires “industry standard” seismic acquisition equipment and protocols rather than the more common standards used for academic research. Even then, quantification of gas hydrate and free gas volumes is only possible by taking a highly systematic approach to seism
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