Applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology
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REVIEW
Applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology Wenyi Wang1,2,3 · Jumao Yuan2,3 · Changan Jiang2,3 Received: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Key message Present review summarizes the current applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology, including plant expression of nanobodies, plant biotechnological applications, nanobody-based immunodetection, and nanobody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens. Abstract Nanobodies (Nbs) are variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) isolated from camelids. In spite of their single domain structure, nanobodies display many unique features, such as small size, high stability, and cryptic epitopes accessibility, which make them ideal for sophisticated applications in plants and animals. In this review, we summarize the current applications of nanobodies in plant science and biotechnology, focusing on nanobody expression in plants, plant biotechnological applications, determination of plant toxins and pathogens, and nanobody-mediated resistance against plant pathogens. Prospects and challenges of nanobody applications in plants are also discussed. Keywords Nanobody · VHH · Single-domain antibody · Plant biotechnology · Nanobiotechnology Abbreviations AID Auxin-inducible degron CDR Complementary determining region CH Constant heavy-chain domain CL Constant light-chain domain ER Endoplasmic reticulum FR Framework region GM Genetically modified HCAbs Heavy chain-only antibodies Igs Immunoglobulins mAbs Monoclonal antibodies MVHH-IgA Monomeric VHH-IgA Nbs Nanobodies POIs Proteins of interest SCF SKP1–CUL1–F-box * Wenyi Wang [email protected] 1
Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, SouthCentral University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
2
Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
3
Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
scFvs Single-chain Fv fragments sdAbs Single-domain antibody SELs Size exclusion limits SIgA Secretory IgA SVHH-IgA Secretory VHH-IgA UPS Ubiquitin-proteasome system VH Variable heavy-chain domain VHH Variable domains of the heavy chain of HCAbs VL Variable light-chain domain
Introduction Heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) (~ 95 kDa) are immunoglobulins naturally devoid of light chains in the serum of camelid (llamas, camels, alpacas, guanacos, and dromedaries), and the recombinant variable domains of the heavy chain of HCAbs ( VHH) are called nanobodies (Nbs) or single-domain antibody (sdAbs) (Muyldermans 2013). Nanobodies are the smallest currently known antigen-binding proteins (4 nm in length and 2.5 nm in diameter). With molecular weights of 12–15 kDa, they are approximate onet
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