Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R

This successful textbook is intended for students, professionals and research workers who need to apply statistical analysis to a large variety of practical problems using SPSS, MATLAB, STATISTICA and R. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of the m

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Joaquim P. Marques de Sá

Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R With 195 Figures and a CD

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E d itors Prof. Dr. Joaquim P. Marques de Sá Universidade do Porto Fac. Engenharia Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n 4200-465 Porto Portugal e-mail: [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007926024

ISBN 978-3-540-71971-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: by the editors Production: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., India Cover design: WMX design, Heidelberg

Printed on acid-free paper

SPIN: 11908944

42/3100/Integra

5 4 3 2 1 0

To Wiesje and Carlos.

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

xv

Preface to the First Edition

xvii

Symbols and Abbreviations

xix

1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Deterministic Data and Random Data.........................................................1 Population, Sample and Statistics ...............................................................5 Random Variables.......................................................................................8 Probabilities and Distributions..................................................................10 1.4.1 Discrete Variables .......................................................................10 1.4.2 Continuous Variables ..................................................................12 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt... ..................................................................13 Statistical Significance and Other Significances.......................................17 Datasets .....................................................................................................19 Software Tools ..........................................................................................19 1.8.1 SPSS and STATISTICA..............................................................20 1.8.2 MATLAB and R..........................................................................22

2 Presenting and Summarising the Data 2.1 2.2

2.3

1

29

Preliminaries .........................................................................................