Appraisal of Metal Imbalances in the Blood of Thyroid Cancer Patients in Comparison with Healthy Subjects
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Appraisal of Metal Imbalances in the Blood of Thyroid Cancer Patients in Comparison with Healthy Subjects Kalsoom Bibi 1 & Munir H. Shah 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cancer incidence and mortality rates have been increasing rapidly worldwide. A growing body of evidence revealed that exposure to trace metals is the most important aetiology for development of the cancer. Therefore, present study was intended to evaluate the imbalances in the concentrations of selected metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Sr, Li, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ag, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) in the blood of newly diagnosed thyroid cancer patients in comparison with counterpart healthy subjects/controls. Concentrations of the metals were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry by employing nitric acid/perchloric acid–based wet digestion method. Average concentrations of Pb (774.6 μg/dL), Cr (757.9 μg/dL), Cd (472.5 μg/dL) and Ni (360.5 μg/dL) were found to be significantly higher in the blood of cancer patients than controls. Correlation study and multivariate analysis showed strong mutual relationships among Fe-Cd-Ca-Mg-Pb, Co-Sr-Zn, Li-Ag-Na-K and Cu-Ni in the blood of thyroid cancer patients while Na-K-Fe-Co-Pb, Zn-Sr-Cr, Ca-Mg and Li-Ag-Cu-Ni exhibited strong mutual associations in the blood of healthy donors. Significant variations in the trace metal levels were observed with the age, gender, habitat, food habits and smoking habits of both donor groups. Metal levels also exhibited considerable disparities with the stages and types of thyroid cancer. Multivariate analysis of the metal data revealed significantly divergent apportionment of the metals in the blood of cancer patients compared with the healthy group. Keywords Thyroid cancer . Metal . Blood . Statistical analysis . AAS . Pakistan
Introduction Investigations related to the metals’ exposure are gaining considerable importance as diagnostic/prognostic tool in the assessment of different chronic diseases. Some metals play crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body, but an imbalance in metals exposure/intake may cause numerous disorders, such as cellular damage, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and various types of cancer [1–3]. Generally, the carcinogenic progressions are associated with the excess or enrichment of toxic/carcinogenic metals while most of the essential elements exhibited depletion/deficiency in the cancer patients [4–6]. Thyroid cancer is one of the intimidating types Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02088-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Munir H. Shah [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
of cancers which are associated with relatively higher rates of mortality throughout the world. Thyroid gland is located in the mid portion of the neck anterior to the trachea and larynx, just below the cricoid cartilag
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