Archaeological evidence of woody vines at Bubog 2, Ilin Island, Mindoro, Philippines
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BRIEF REPORT
Archaeological evidence of woody vines at Bubog 2, Ilin Island, Mindoro, Philippines Jane B. Carlos 1 & Victor J. Paz 1 & Ramiro P. Escobin 2 & Jennifer M. Conda 2 & Mario D.R. Ramos 2 & Alfred F. Pawlik 1 Received: 14 December 2016 / Accepted: 24 September 2018 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Ethnographic and historical records in the Philippines document the use of vines for cordage, mats, baskets, hats, medicine, and furniture. Similar usage has been assumed in the more distant past (i.e., neolithic); however, no material evidence has so far been found probably owing to unfavorable conditions inhibiting preservation of this particular organic material. This paper reports the presence of dried and mineralized fragments of woody vines from the archeological site of Bubog 2 in Ilin Island, Mindoro, Philippines. Identified as coming from the families Annonaceae, Dilleniaceae, and Mimosaceae, this occurrence provides the first archaeobotanical evidence in the Philippines of woody vines in layers dated from 5000 BCE to 1000 CE. Keywords Woody vines . Archaeobotany . Ilin Island . Mindoro . Philippines
Introduction The main island of Mindoro lies between the islands of Luzon and Palawan in the western Philippines. Ilin Island, in the southwest of Mindoro, is where the cave and rockshelter site of Bubog 2 is located (Figs. 1 and 2). Bubog 2 is part of Barangay Pawikan, Municipality of San Jose. From San Jose, the site is 45–75 min away by boat. Bubog 2 was first documented by the archaeological team in July 2011 (Fig. 3). The island of Mindoro has been studied archeologically, but these are mostly on historical sites where colonial structures like church ruins and remains of forts were investigated (Faylona 2003; Paz 2005, Paz 2007). In 2010, the Mindoro Archaeological Project started which aimed to find older sites (i.e., Paleolithic) since the location of the island lies between Palawan in the south and Cagayan in the north where the oldest human remains in the Philippines were recovered dating to 47,000 years ago and 67,000 years ago, respectively (Detroit et al.2004; Mijares et al. 2010; Pawlik et al. 2014).
* Jane B. Carlos [email protected] 1
Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
2
Forest Products Research and Development Institute, Los Baños, 4030 Laguna, Philippines
Three sites in the island have so far been excavated yielding dates up to at least 11,000 years ago (Porr et al. 2012; Pawlik et al. 2014). This study is part of the Mindoro project and reports the presence of woody vines in layers dating from 5000 BCE to 1000 CE. Ethnobotanical studies on vines in the region are mostly on the use of these plant types for medicine, tying materials, baskets, mats, and handicrafts with little mention of their edible fruits and young shoots (Planta 2017; Arquion et al. 2015; Lacuna-Richman 2006; CEU 2005; Rummel 2005; Mandia 2004; Burkill 1966). For tropical vines, specifically woody forest vines,
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